1. Earth

2. Distances 24,901.55 miles 24,859.82 miles 7,926 miles 3,452 miles
Diameter of Earth
Distance from the North to South Pole
Distance across the United States
Circumference around the equator

3. Water Volume Emitted from a tree daily 50 gallons 70 gallons
Amount of water in the ocean’s of the Earth
An average American uses daily
An average human will drink in 80 years
Falls to Earth each day
50 gallons
70 gallons
14600 gallons
4 trillion gallons
326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million trillion) gallons

4. Speed
67,000 mph
1,000 mph
4,520 mph
Revolution of Earth around the Sun
Speed of Rocket Plane (fastest plane)
Rotation of Earth (Day/Night)

5. Population
6,692,030,277
1,325,639,982
731,000,000
680,000,000
304,059,724
8,682,661
New Jersey
China
Africa
Earth
Europe
Unite States

6. ANSWERS: Distance 24,901.55 miles: Equatorial Circumference
24, miles: Circumference from North to South Pole
7,926 miles: Diameter of Earth
3,452 miles: USA

7. ANSWERS: Water Volume 50 gallons: Daily Activities
70 gallons: Daily tree emits
14600 gallons: Lifetime human consumes
4 trillion gallons: Daily Earth precipitation
326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million trillion) gallons: Earth’s Ocean volume

8. ANSWERS: Speed 67,000 mph: Earth’s revolution around the Sun
1,000 mph: Earth’s rotation
4,520 mph: Rocket Plane

9. ANSWERS: Population 6,692,030,277: Earth 1,325,639,982: China
731,000,000: Europe
680,000,000: Africa
304,059,724: USA
8,682,661: NJ

10. The Geosphere

11. Earth is a SYSTEM
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere

12. Earth Interior Seismic waves used to study interior
Seismic waves change is the material they travel through change
Seismologist measure the change in speed and direction of seismic waves

13. Earth’s Composition
Crust
Mantle
Core

14. Crust Outer layer Thinnest layer 5km to 8km thick beneath oceans
20km to 70km think beneath continents
Made of light elements
1% of planet’s mass

15. Mantle Beneath crust 64% of planet’s mass 2,900km thick
Made of rocks of medium density

16. Core Inner most layer Composed of densest elements
Radius of 3,400km thick

17. Structure of Earth Lithosphere Asthenosphere Cool, rigid layer
15km to 300km thick
Include crust and upper mantle
Divided into
tectonic plates
Asthenosphere
Plastic, solid layer of mantle
250km thick
Made of rock that flows slowly
Allows tectonic plates to move

18. Structure of Earth Mesosphere Lower part of mantle 2,550km thick
Outer core
Outer shell of Earth’s core
2,220km thick
Made of liquid nickel & iron
Inner core
1,228 km thick
4,000-5,000°C
Made of solid nickel and iron
Why solid?

19. Plate Tectonics Tectonic plates glide on top of asthenosphere
Major plates
North American
South American
African
Pacific
Eurasian
Antarctic

20. Plate Boundaries Types of movement: Can form: Collide Separate
Slide past one another
Can form:
Mountains
Ex: Himalayan Mnts
50 Million Years ago
Earthquakes
Volcanoes

21. Earthquakes
Fault- break in Earth’s crust where blocks of crust slide past one another
When block of rocks suddenly slip under the pressure the vibrations felt throughout Earth
Richter Scale measures earthquake's magnitude (energy)
can be felt
Scale increases by 31.7
7.0+ results in widespread damage

22. Where do Earthquakes Occur?
Mostly at or near tectonic plates due to the enormous stress
Many earthquakes in past 15 to 20 million years along San Andreas fault

23. Earthquake Hazard
Area’s earthquake hazard level determined by past and present activity
Not only high risk areas in danger
Charleston, SC 1886
Sandy, loose soil= EXTENSIVE damage
Earthquake-resistant buildings are slightly flexible

24. Volcanoes
A mountain built from magma (melted rock) that rises from Earth’s interior
Usually near plate division or collision
Can be on land or under water
Under water may lead to island formation

25. Local Effects of Eruption
Clouds of hot ash, dust, and gasses flow down slope up to 200km/hr (124.3 miles/hr!)
Volcanic ash + water = mudflow
Ash falls to ground; building collapse under weight, bury crops, damage engines, and cause breathing difficulties

26. Global Effect of Eruption
Climate changes for several years
Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread across planet in atmosphere  Block some sun  lower temperature

27. Erosion
Removal and transport of surface materials

28. Water Erosion Rivers- create deep gouges through mountains
Oceans- water continually beat surface

29. Wind Erosion Plants root soil, no plant=loose soil
Soft rock (sand stone) is easily eroded