1. West Hills College Farm of the Future

2. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Remote Sensing A group of techniques for collecting information about an object or an area without being in physical contact with that object or area Started in the 30’s Most common RS – Aircraft-based – Satellite-based

3. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Basics The measurement of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects Electromagnetic energy travels as waves Electromagnetic Spectrum (shortest wavelength to longest) – Ultraviolet (UV) – Visible – Near Infrared – Thermal Infrared – Far Infrared – Microwave – VHF – HF

4. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Basics For Ag we focus on the bands – Ultraviolet (UV) – Visible – Near Infrared – Thermal Infrared – Far Infrared Wavelengths of color (um) – Violet - 0.4 – Blue – 0.5 – Green – 0.55 – Yellow – 0.58 – Orange – 0.6 – Red – 0.7

5. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Interaction Electromagnetic energy strikes an object and is – Reflected – Emitted – Absorbed Remote sensing measures the reflected and emitted energy Green plants look green because – Green Wavelengths are reflected – Blue and Red wavelengths are absorbed

6. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Interaction Factors affecting reflected light – Height of sun above the horizon – Blue light is scattered more – Ozone layer absorbs most UV Shadowing – Reduction of light hitting an object from clouds Air temperature affects reflected or emitted energy

7. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Measures of Performance Spatial Resolution – Size of smallest object that can be distinguished Spectral Response – Respond to radiation measurements within a spectral band Spectral Resolution – Differentiate between electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths Temporal Resolution – Frequency of Coverage

8. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Characteristics Electro-optical sensors are – Light sensitive – Create electrical signal proportional to the amount of energy that hits them Rotating mirrors and lenses – Allow one sensor to “see” different spots on the ground Scanning – Collecting data from parallel paths – Perpendicular to the flight path Array – Line of optical sensors – Whole swath is sensed at once

9. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Use of RS Data Vegetation Indices – Predict and assess plant leaf area and plant stress As chlorophyll changes so do reflected wavelengths Red Edge – Wavelengths from 0.68-0.75 um – Area of sharp changes in reflectance

10. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Image Correction Radiometric Correction – Fog or haze – Sensor viewing angles – Image processing procedure Geometric Correction (Geo-rectified) – Earth rotation – Satellite Motion – Uses ground control points

11. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Satellite-based RS Four major sources – LANDSAT – SPOT – Space Imaging (IKONOS) – Digital Globe (Quick Bird)

12. West Hills College Farm of the Future Precision Agriculture – Lesson 4 Economic Considerations Cost varies by – Image type – Image size – Level of processing – Timeliness – Spatial resolution