1. Ewan OConnor, Robin Hogan, Anthony Illingworth Drizzle comparisons

2. Overview –Do operational forecast models simulate drizzle correctly? Models simulate drizzle through precipitation scheme Treat coalescence drizzle as light rain –Observed liquid water content/flux Cloud LWC retrieval Drizzle liquid water flux retrieval –Compare observations and models Daily basis Monthly means –Drizzle drop size Explicit in Met Office model Effect of changing drizzle number concentration

3. Liquid water content Method of Albrecht et al. (1990), Boers et al. (2000) –Use lidar/radar to determine cloud boundaries –Assume linear increase of LWC with height –Scale LWC profile to match LWP from radiometers LWC Height Cloud base (lidar) Cloud top (radar) Model levels

4. Liquid water content –LWC not retrieved in rain

5. Drizzle below cloud Doppler radar and lidar - 4 observables (OConnor et al. 2005) Radar/lidar ratio provides information on particle size

6. Drizzle below cloud Doppler radar and lidar - 4 observables (OConnor et al. 2005) Radar/lidar ratio provides information on particle size Retrieve three components of drizzle DSD (N, D, μ). Can then calculate LWC, LWF and vertical air velocity, w.

7. Liquid water flux –LWF retrieved below cloud base and in the absence of rain

8. ECMWF model –Cloud similar to observations

9. Met Office mesoscale model –Cloud similar to observations

10. Met Office global model –Has rain at correct time!

11. Meteo France ARPEGE model –Thin layers - can be one grid box thick

12. Compare obs/models –Models have similar LWC / LWP –Models overestimate precipitation

13. Compare daily means –Models have similar LWC / LWP –Models overestimate precipitation

14. Monthly comparisons –ECMWF model –Observations

15. Monthly comparisons –Met Office mesoscale model –Observations

16. Monthly comparisons –Met Office global model –Observations

17. Monthly comparisons –Meteo France ARPEGE model –Observations

18. Drizzle drop size –Met Office model uses explicit size distributions –Treats all precipitation as rain Overestimates drop sizes Underestimates evaporation Disdrometer Radar/lidar Model

19. Met Office diagnostic precipitation –Met Office model uses explicit size –Treats all precipitation as rain

20. Met Office diagnostic precipitation –Met Office model uses explicit size –Treats all precipitation as rain

21. Met Office diagnostic precipitation –Met Office model uses explicit size –Treats all precipitation as rain

22. Met Office diagnostic precipitation –Met Office model uses explicit size –Treats all precipitation as rain

23. Met Office diagnostic precipitation –Met Office model uses explicit size –Treats all precipitation as rain

24. Conclusion –Models have reasonable LWC Produce far too much drizzle Precipitation reaches surface Underestimate evaporation –Met Office model Overestimate of drizzle drop size