1. 3rd Quarter Review

2. What is the distribution of Earth’s water from greatest to least?

3. Salt water,
then frozen ice,
groundwater,
surface water,
water vapor

4. Draw and label the Water Cycle.

6. Is Earth’s water steadily increasing, decreasing, or staying in balance? Why?

7. Earth’s water stays in balance: the rate of evaporation is equal to rate of precipitation.

8. What process takes place when liquid water absorbs enough energy to change into water vapor?

9. Evaporation

10. What process happens when water vapor cools and changes to liquid water?

11. Condensation

12. What is the process where four forms of water fall from clouds to Earth’s surface?

13. Precipitation

14. Compare (what is the same) and contrast (what is different)about evaporation and condensation.

15. Compare: both involve changes in state
Contrast: evaporation is liquid to gas; condensation is gas to liquid

16. Why does the ocean’s salinity stay about the same?

17. Fresh water enters the ocean (ex
Fresh water enters the ocean (ex. from rivers and rain); but water also evaporates from the ocean, leaving the salt behind.

18. As you descend in the ocean, through the water column, how do the conditions change? (include temperature, light, pressure, and density)

19. Temperature and light decrease; pressure and density increase

20. List the features of the ocean floor from shore to the deep ocean.

21. First, continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain (then possibly seamounts and volcanic islands, midocean ridge, trenches)

22. What causes waves?

23. Wind

24. What causes surface currents?

25. Wind

26. What causes deep ocean currents?

27. Deep ocean currents are caused by differences in density and the Coriolis effect

28. How do surface currents (ex
How do surface currents (ex. Gulf Stream, California Current) affect coastal climates?

29. Surface currents, in the ocean, warm or cool the air above affecting temperatures and the climate of nearby places.

30. What causes tides?

31. Tides are caused by the interaction of the Earth, moon, and sun (gravity).

32. What is high tide and low tide? About how often does each occur?

33. High tide is when water reaches its highest point; low tide is when water reaches its lowest point. High tides occur about every 12 hours; low tides occur about every 12 hours.

34. Draw a Spring Tide.

35. Spring tides: full moon and new moon phases (all in a straight line); sun-Earth-moon and sun-moon-Earth

36. Draw a Neap tide.

37. Neap tides: 1st quarter and 3rd quarter phases (lined up at 90 degree angles)

38. What are the gases and percentages that make up air?

39. Nitrogen 78%,
Oxygen 21%,
other 1%

40. As altitude increases, air pressure ____________ and air density ____________.

41. Decreases, decreases

42. What causes local winds?

43. Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface, within a small area.

44. Draw and label a sea breeze.

45. Sea breeze – daytime – air moves from sea to land

46. What causes a land breeze?

47. Land breeze – at night – air moves from land to sea

48. What causes land and sea breezes?

49. Caused by differences in pressure, due to unequal heating of land vs
Caused by differences in pressure, due to unequal heating of land vs. water

50. What causes global winds?

51. Global winds are caused by unequal heating because of the angle of the sunlight hitting the Earth (more direct at the equator, more spread out at the poles)

52. Why do Global winds curve?

53. Curve due to the Coriolis effect (Earth’s rotation)

54. What heats and cools faster (land or water)?

55. Land

56. How do clouds form?

57. Warm moist air rises until it cools (reaches the dew point) and condenses.

58. Explain the three major types of clouds.

59. Stratus: low, layered, gray Cirrus: feathery, wispy
Cumulus: fluffy, puffy
Stratus: low, layered, gray
Cirrus: feathery, wispy

60. What type of clouds produce thunderstorms?

61. Thunderstorms form from cumulonimbus clouds.

62. What is humidity?

63. Humidity: a measure of how much water vapor is in the air

64. What is relative humidity?

65. Relative humidity: the percent of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air can hold. Ex. air with 100% relative humidity is completely saturated, which will result in rain.

66. On a cold day, when you “see” your breath, which part of the water cycle are you demonstrating?

67. (your own cloud formation)
Condensation
(your own cloud formation)

68. What are the four main types of air masses that affect the United States? Describe each.

69. Maritime polar: humid, cold Maritime tropical: humid, warm
Continental polar: dry, cold
Continental tropical: dry, warm

70. Explain the differences in warm air vs
Explain the differences in warm air vs. cold air in terms of density, pressure, and humidity.

71. Cold air is more dense, has higher pressure, and is less humid (warm air can hold more moisture).

72. When a rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving warm air mass, what type of front is formed?

73. Cold front

74. What type of weather is associated with a cold front?

75. Cold front: cloudy skies, heavy rain or snow, possible violent thunderstorms, abrupt weather changes; clear and cooler after.

76. What type of front happens when a moving warm air mass collides with a slowly moving cold air mass?

77. Warm front

78. What type of weather is associated with a warm front?

79. Warm front: clouds and rain (snow in winter), possibly for several day; humid and warmer after.

80. Sometimes cold and warm air masses meet, but neither one has enough force to move the other. What type of front is this?

81. Stationary front

82. What type of weather is associated with a stationary front?

83. Stationary front: clouds, rain, snow, or fog; can be stalled for many days.

84. What type of front is created when a warm air mass is caught between two cooler air masses?

85. Occluded front

86. What type of weather is associated with an occluded front?

87. Occluded front: cloudy, possibly rainy or snowy; cooler temperatures.

88. What does this symbol represent?

89. Occluded front

90. What does this symbol represent?

91. Cold front

92. What does this symbol represent?

93. Stationary front

94. What does this symbol represent?

95. Warm front

96. What is an isobar?

97. Isobars are lines joining places with the same air pressure.

98. What are isotherms?

99. Isotherms are lines joining places with the same temperature.

100. What causes hurricanes?

101. Begins over water, as a low-pressure area; gains strength from the warm, moist air evaporating from the ocean.

102. How do hurricanes become weaker?

103. A hurricane weakens as it moves across land or cold water.

104. In general, what direction does weather move across the United States
In general, what direction does weather move across the United States? How does this help with weather prediction?

105. Fronts tend to move from the west to the east.
We can predict what’s coming in a day or 2 by looking to the west.

106. List the weather instruments used to measure: temperature, air pressure, wind direction, and wind speed.

107. Temperature: thermometer Air pressure: barometer
Wind direction: wind vane (also called weather vane)
Wind speed: anemometer

108. What are the two factors that determine climate?

109. Temperature and precipitation

110. How do weather and climate differ?

111. Climate is the conditions over a long period (year after year); weather is the daily conditions at a particular time and place