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3rd Quarter Review
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What is the distribution of Earth’s water from greatest to least?
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Salt water, then frozen ice, groundwater, surface water, water vapor
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Draw and label the Water Cycle.
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Is Earth’s water steadily increasing, decreasing, or staying in balance? Why?
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Earth’s water stays in balance: the rate of evaporation is equal to rate of precipitation.
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What process takes place when liquid water absorbs enough energy to change into water vapor?
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Evaporation
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What process happens when water vapor cools and changes to liquid water?
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Condensation
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What is the process where four forms of water fall from clouds to Earth’s surface?
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Precipitation
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Compare (what is the same) and contrast (what is different)about evaporation and condensation.
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Compare: both involve changes in state
Contrast: evaporation is liquid to gas; condensation is gas to liquid
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Why does the ocean’s salinity stay about the same?
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Fresh water enters the ocean (ex
Fresh water enters the ocean (ex. from rivers and rain); but water also evaporates from the ocean, leaving the salt behind.
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As you descend in the ocean, through the water column, how do the conditions change? (include temperature, light, pressure, and density)
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Temperature and light decrease; pressure and density increase
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List the features of the ocean floor from shore to the deep ocean.
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First, continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain (then possibly seamounts and volcanic islands, midocean ridge, trenches)
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What causes waves?
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Wind
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What causes surface currents?
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Wind
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What causes deep ocean currents?
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Deep ocean currents are caused by differences in density and the Coriolis effect
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How do surface currents (ex
How do surface currents (ex. Gulf Stream, California Current) affect coastal climates?
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Surface currents, in the ocean, warm or cool the air above affecting temperatures and the climate of nearby places.
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What causes tides?
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Tides are caused by the interaction of the Earth, moon, and sun (gravity).
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What is high tide and low tide? About how often does each occur?
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High tide is when water reaches its highest point; low tide is when water reaches its lowest point. High tides occur about every 12 hours; low tides occur about every 12 hours.
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Draw a Spring Tide.
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Spring tides: full moon and new moon phases (all in a straight line); sun-Earth-moon and sun-moon-Earth
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Draw a Neap tide.
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Neap tides: 1st quarter and 3rd quarter phases (lined up at 90 degree angles)
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What are the gases and percentages that make up air?
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Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, other 1%
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As altitude increases, air pressure ____________ and air density ____________.
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Decreases, decreases
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What causes local winds?
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Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface, within a small area.
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Draw and label a sea breeze.
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Sea breeze – daytime – air moves from sea to land
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What causes a land breeze?
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Land breeze – at night – air moves from land to sea
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What causes land and sea breezes?
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Caused by differences in pressure, due to unequal heating of land vs
Caused by differences in pressure, due to unequal heating of land vs. water
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What causes global winds?
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Global winds are caused by unequal heating because of the angle of the sunlight hitting the Earth (more direct at the equator, more spread out at the poles)
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Why do Global winds curve?
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Curve due to the Coriolis effect (Earth’s rotation)
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What heats and cools faster (land or water)?
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Land
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How do clouds form?
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Warm moist air rises until it cools (reaches the dew point) and condenses.
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Explain the three major types of clouds.
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Stratus: low, layered, gray Cirrus: feathery, wispy
Cumulus: fluffy, puffy Stratus: low, layered, gray Cirrus: feathery, wispy
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What type of clouds produce thunderstorms?
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Thunderstorms form from cumulonimbus clouds.
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What is humidity?
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Humidity: a measure of how much water vapor is in the air
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What is relative humidity?
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Relative humidity: the percent of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air can hold. Ex. air with 100% relative humidity is completely saturated, which will result in rain.
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On a cold day, when you “see” your breath, which part of the water cycle are you demonstrating?
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(your own cloud formation)
Condensation (your own cloud formation)
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What are the four main types of air masses that affect the United States? Describe each.
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Maritime polar: humid, cold Maritime tropical: humid, warm
Continental polar: dry, cold Continental tropical: dry, warm
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Explain the differences in warm air vs
Explain the differences in warm air vs. cold air in terms of density, pressure, and humidity.
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Cold air is more dense, has higher pressure, and is less humid (warm air can hold more moisture).
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When a rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving warm air mass, what type of front is formed?
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Cold front
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What type of weather is associated with a cold front?
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Cold front: cloudy skies, heavy rain or snow, possible violent thunderstorms, abrupt weather changes; clear and cooler after.
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What type of front happens when a moving warm air mass collides with a slowly moving cold air mass?
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Warm front
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What type of weather is associated with a warm front?
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Warm front: clouds and rain (snow in winter), possibly for several day; humid and warmer after.
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Sometimes cold and warm air masses meet, but neither one has enough force to move the other. What type of front is this?
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Stationary front
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What type of weather is associated with a stationary front?
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Stationary front: clouds, rain, snow, or fog; can be stalled for many days.
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What type of front is created when a warm air mass is caught between two cooler air masses?
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Occluded front
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What type of weather is associated with an occluded front?
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Occluded front: cloudy, possibly rainy or snowy; cooler temperatures.
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What does this symbol represent?
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Occluded front
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What does this symbol represent?
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Cold front
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What does this symbol represent?
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Stationary front
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What does this symbol represent?
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Warm front
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What is an isobar?
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Isobars are lines joining places with the same air pressure.
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What are isotherms?
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Isotherms are lines joining places with the same temperature.
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What causes hurricanes?
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Begins over water, as a low-pressure area; gains strength from the warm, moist air evaporating from the ocean.
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How do hurricanes become weaker?
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A hurricane weakens as it moves across land or cold water.
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In general, what direction does weather move across the United States
In general, what direction does weather move across the United States? How does this help with weather prediction?
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Fronts tend to move from the west to the east.
We can predict what’s coming in a day or 2 by looking to the west.
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List the weather instruments used to measure: temperature, air pressure, wind direction, and wind speed.
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Temperature: thermometer Air pressure: barometer
Wind direction: wind vane (also called weather vane) Wind speed: anemometer
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What are the two factors that determine climate?
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Temperature and precipitation
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How do weather and climate differ?
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Climate is the conditions over a long period (year after year); weather is the daily conditions at a particular time and place
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