Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. 13.1 Carbohydrates.

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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Carbohydrates 1 Chapter 13 Carbohydrates

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a major source of energy from our diet made from elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen also called saccharides, which means “sugars” 2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis in plants such as glucose are synthesized in plants from CO 2, H 2 O, and energy from the sun are oxidized in living cells to produce CO 2, H 2 O, and energy 3

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Carbohydrates The types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates disaccharides, which consist of two monosaccharides polysaccharides, which contain many monosaccharides 4

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Monosaccharides consist of three to eight carbon chains with one carbon in a carbonyl group are further classified as an aldose, which contains an aldehyde group, or a ketose, which contains a ketone carbonyl group have several hydroxyl groups 5

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are also classified by the number of carbon atoms present. triose (3 C atoms)tetrose (4 C atoms) pentose (5 C atoms)hexose (6 C atoms) An aldopentose indicates a five-carbon saccharide with an aldehyde group. 6

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Aldoses Aldoses are monosaccharides with an aldehyde group many hydroxyl (  OH) groups 7 O ║ C─H aldose H  C  OH H  C  OH CH 2 OH Erythose, an aldotetrose

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Ketoses Ketoses are monosaccharides with a ketone group many hydroxyl (  OH) groups 8 CH 2 OH C=O ketose H  C  OH H  C  OH H  C  OH CH 2 OH Fructose, a ketohexose

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Identify each as aldo- or keto- and as tetrose, pentose, or hexose. A. B. 9

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Identify each as aldo- or keto- and as tetrose, pentose, or hexose. A. aldohexose B. ketopentose 10

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