Please feel free to chat amongst yourselves until we begin at the top of the hour.

Seminar Agenda Review of Course Information The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes Seminar Discussion Questions Questions & Answers

Review of Course Information Please call me Jill, Dr. Jill or Dr. Morris (whichever you are most comfortable) My background  From Minnesota currently live in Chicago  B.A. in Biology from St. Olaf College  Ph.D in Pathobiology from U of MN  Molecular and cell biologist  Teaching for the last seven years  A full-time researcher for twenty years  My laboratory currently researches the molecular/genetic basis of mental illness

Review of Course Information Announcements  There will be announcements every week.  Please read them!  I will give expectations of assignments in announcements as well.  Office hours are by appointment; please me to set up time.

Review of Course Information How to contact me and have your questions answered me! Use the “ ” tab at the top of our course Post general questions to the “Course Questions" DB in the Course Home AIM: For my aim account, I am available at night from Monday through Friday and on the weekends. I will announce office hours each week.

GRADING CRITERIA/COURSE EVALUATION AssessmentsNumberPoints eachTotal Points Discussion Seminars Unit Quizzes21020 Assignments Final Assignment (Unit 9) 1185 Midterm Exam1100 Final Exam1100 Total Points 1000 Points

Review of Course Information: Discussion Boards Try to keep up with the DB; in order to have the best discussions, we need everyone to participate! Participation should be completed as early in the week as possible. You should post on multiple days (at least three) each week. If everyone posted on the due date, how much discussion could there be? Late postings The discussions end and a new one starts on every Wednesday. I do not accept posts after the end of the Unit week (Tuesdays after 11:59 PM). Higher grades will be given to those who post not only quantity, but quality comments. One sentence responses or “I agree” are unacceptable and no credit will be given.

Review of Course Information: Seminars Seminar is required. There are nine seminars for this course. There is one seminar offered on Wednesdays at 9 PM EST. Seminars are worth a significant amount of points; 25 per seminar. Grading is based on frequency and quality of interactions during seminar. Please see rubric. If you are unable to attend seminar, option 2 should be completed. It should be complete, on topic and well written.

Review of Course Information: Preparing for Seminar 1.) Click Here! 2.) Click Here!

Review of Course Information: Preparing for Seminar 1.) Instructions here and scroll down.

Review of Course Information: Quizzes and Exams There are 2 Quizzes: one in Unit 1 and one in Unit 2. Each are worth 10 points. There are two Exams: one in Unit 5 and one in Unit 10. Each are worth 100 points. There are two review documents in DocSharing: one for Units 1-5 and one for Units 6-9. Exams must be taken during the Unit week (Wednesday to Tuesday). There will be no extensions.

Review of Course Information: Assignments There are 4 assignments plus 1 final project in this course. Some guidelines: Use Microsoft Word Be sure to complete all parts of the assignment Use clear and concise language and proofread your work. Your work should be free of spelling and grammatical errors.

Final Project For your Final Project you will complete a report and create an essay that integrates what you have learned about genetics and biotechnology. The topic can address any area to be covered in this course. The project will be completed in three parts. Please submit parts I and II of the project in the “Outreach” Dropboxes for Units 3 and 7. Project Part 1 By the end of Unit 3, you will need to turn in the genetics topic you are choosing for your report. This topic needs to be a genetic or biomedical issue that is relevant to this course.

Final Project Project Part 2 By the end of Unit 7, you will turn in your report outline, along with a list of references. In a properly formatted document, submit an outline. In general, an outline is used to organize your thoughts for your final paper. You will roughly organize your thoughts to produce an outline that will give you direction in your reading and note-taking. The outline should be at least one and ½ pages and will address, at a minimum, the following points: I. Introduction II. Discuss the genetic or biomedical issue you have chosen III. Reason for this selecting this issue IV. Description of this issue V. Background factors contributing to this issue VI. Local data available VII. Possible problem solving approaches VIII.Conclusion

Final Project Project Part 3 By the end of Unit 9, you will turn in your report. Using Internet resources and/or textbooks, produce and submit a report that provides the following information in an APA-style five-page paper. Make sure you report contains the following information: Discuss the genetic or biomedical issue you have chosen Description of this issue Background factors contributing to this issue Local data available Possible problem solving approaches

Review of Course Information A few tips… Read directions very carefully Work early in the week JUST IN CASE there is something unexpected that comes up at the end of the week Follow and then EXCEED all of the requirements for each assignment Proofread your work multiple times prior to submission. Something to keep in mind when checking your grades: Kaplan instructors have 5 days to grade after the due date. I try to keep up with the submissions, but may not. So, I often need the 5 days.

Any questions?

1 The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes

19 DNA: Molecule of Heredity Inherited traits are affected by genes that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction Genes are composed of the chemical deoxyribonucleic acid = DNA Fig. 1.6

20 DNA Structure: Double Helix In 1953 Watson and Crick proposed the three dimensional structure of DNA Molecular structure of DNA is a double-stranded helix comprised of a linear sequence of paired subunits = nucleotides Each nucleotide contains any one of four bases = adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine Pairing between nucleotides of the double helix is complementary: adenine pairs with thymine guanine pairs with cytosine

21 DNA Structure: Double Helix DNA backbone forms right- handed helix Each DNA strand has polarity = directionality The paired strands are oriented in opposite directions = antiparallel Fig. 6.7

22 DNA Replication Watson-Crick model of DNA replication:  The strands of the original (parental) duplex separate  Each parental strand serves as a template for the production of a complementary daughter strand by means of A-T and G-C base pairing

23 Genes and Proteins The genetic information contained in the nucleotide sequence of DNA specifies a particular type of protein Enzymes = proteins that are biological catalysts essential for metabolic activities in the cell Metabolites = small molecules upon which enzymes act In 1908 Archibald Garrod proposed that enzyme defects result in inborn errors of metabolism = hereditary diseases

24 Genes and Proteins Garrod studied alkaptonuria and identified abnormal excreted substance = homogentisic acid Alkaptonuria results from a metabolic defect that blocks the conversion of a substrate molecule to a product molecule in a biochemical pathway due to absence of required enzyme = metabolic block In case of alkaptonuria, a defective homogentisic acid 1,2 dioxygenase is unable to converts homogentisic acid into 4-maleylacetoacetic acid in the pathway for the breakdown of phenylalanine and thyrosine

25 Genes and Proteins Another defective enzyme in the same pathway, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), leads to phenylalanine accumulation which causes the condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU) Incidence of PKU, characterized by severe mental retardation, is about one in 8000 among Caucasian births. A defective enzyme results from a mutant gene

26 Central Dogma Central Dogma of molecular genetics: DNA  RNA  Protein DNA is the informational molecule which does not code for protein directly but rather acts through RNA intermediate DNA codes for RNA = transcription RNA codes for protein = translation

27 Fig. 1.14

28 Transcription Transcription is the production of an RNA strand that is complementary in base sequence to a DNA template = messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA contains the base uracil in place of thymine and the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA is synthesized from template DNA following strand separation of the double helix Fig. 1.15

29 Base pairing in DNA and RNA Complementary base pairing specifies the linear sequence of bases in RNA Adenine pairs with uracil; thymine pairs with adenine; guanine pairs with cytosine