Ellen J. Staurowsky, Robertha Abney chapter 4 Intercollegiate Athletics

Introduction Much more than meets the eye Financial stakes are high Reputations of schools

Governance of Intercollegiate Athletics National Collegiate Athletic Association Other national governing bodies Athletic conferences

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Headquarters located in Indianapolis, Indiana Divided into three competitive divisions –Division I –Division II –Division III (continued)

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (continued) Classification based on several criteria –Size of financial base –Number and types of sports offered –Focus of program –Existence of athletics grant-in-aid

NCAA Division I Major financial enterprises Must offer at least seven sports for men and seven for women (or six for men and eight for women) Must have at least two team sports for each gender (continued)

NCAA Division I (continued) Offer full grants-in-aid based on athletic ability Highly competitive Consider contests as entertainment for spectators (continued)

NCAA Division I (continued) Financed through –Student fees –Gate receipts –Television revenues –Licensing revenues –Private donations Divided into divisions, each with specific classification criteria –I-A (117 active members) –I-AA (118 active members) –I-AAA (91 active members)

NCAA Division II Must offer at least four sports for men and four for women Must have two team sports for each gender 281 active member schools (continued)

NCAA Division II (continued) Offer grant-in-aid based on athletic ability, but fewer per capita than Division I Financed in same way as academic programs Focus on regional competition

NCAA Division III 421 member schools Focus on participation rather than competition or entertainment Must offer at least five sports for men and five for women Focus on regional and conference competition (continued)

NCAA Division III (continued) Must have two team sports for each gender Athletic scholarships not offered Athletes treated same as other students –Admission policies –Academic advisement –Scholarships

Other National Governing Bodies National Junior College Athletic Association National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics National Christian College Athletic Association Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women

National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado Seeks to promote and supervise a national program consistent with educational objectives Comprises approximately 550 schools Organized into 24 geographical regions

National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Headquartered in Olathe, Kansas More than 360 member schools Open to four-year and upper-level two-year colleges and universities in United States and Canada (continued)

National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) (continued) Emphasis on academic achievement Dedicated to –Respect –Integrity –Responsibility –Servant leadership –Fair play

National Christian College Athletic Association Headquartered in Greenville, South Carolina Focus on the promotion and enhancement of intercollegiate athletic competition with a Christian perspective (continued)

National Christian College Athletic Association (continued) More than 100 member schools Division I consists of 47 liberal arts institutions Division II consists of 48 Bible colleges

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) Established by women physical educators from colleges and universities across the country In existence for 10 years Offered several national championships (continued)

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) (continued) Provided opportunities for women athletes, coaches, and administrators NCAA and NAIA expanded their structures to include women’s athletics Because of this restructuring, AIAW was dismantled in 1982

Athletic Conferences Group of colleges or universities that governs the conduct and organizes the competition among athletics programs of its member schools Responsible to their respective governing bodies (continued)

Athletic Conferences (continued) Note the many conference functions provided in textbook provided by Kinder (1993) Note the many conference examples provided in textbook

Intercollegiate Athletics Administrators Athletics director Associate or assistant athletics director First-line managers

Athletics Director Delegation is the key skill needed to run a successful athletic program To influence and motivate people, leadership skills are essential. (continued)

Athletics Director (continued) Assumes oversight for the following: –Budget and finance –Facilities –Risk management –Television contracts –Compliance with laws and regulations of national and conference governing bodies –Academic progress of college athletes –Communication with the media (continued)

Athletics Director (continued) –Scheduling –Marketing games and other events –Corporate sponsorships –Ticket sales –Community relations –Alumni relations –Campus relations –Fund-raising –Personnel management

Associate or Assistant Athletics Director Considered middle mangers Oversees specific areas such as –Marketing –Fund-raising –Event management –Facilities management –Athletics communications

First-Line Managers Academic coordinator Business and finance manager Compliance officer Development and public relations director Event and facility manager Marketing and promotions director (continued)

First-Line Managers (continued) Sports information director Ticket manager Senior woman administrator Equipment manager Athletic staff

Academic Coordinator Monitors the academic activities of athletes Maintains records on academic progress Works closely with coaches, faculty, compliance officer, and other administrators Understands the business of college sport and regulations

Business and Finance Manager Assists the AD in preparing, administering, and monitoring the budget Oversees the processing of all reimbursements and payments Creates, generates, and distributes monthly financial statements for review Has a solid background in financial accounting

Compliance Officer Develops educational processes so that everyone involved with athletics complies with rules Responsibilities include monitoring of eligibility of student–athletes Plays a crucial role in producing compliance reports that are submitted to the NCAA

Development and Public Relations Director Responsible for raising funds in support of athletics Implements fund-raising projects and cultivates donors Requires a combination of marketing, management, and media relations skills

Event and Facility Director Major duties include –Game management of home events –Facility scheduling –Maintenance –Improvements Must be attentive to reducing risks and liability

Marketing and Promotions Director Responsible for –Promoting ticket sales for individual games –Nonrevenue sports –Season packages –Championship events –Fan support merchandise –Identifying potential corporate sponsors Has a comprehensive understanding of trademark law

Sports Information Director Responsible for technical and management functions Must be adept in –Developing media guides, press releases, recruiting brochures, game programs, feature stories, and newsletters –Managing budgets, organizing events, and supervising personnel –Writing and research –Using mass communication and media technologies

Ticket Manager Coordinates all ticket operations Designs ticketing plan Accounts for all money expended and received for tickets Assists in setting the price of tickets Determines staffing Ensures ticket distribution Understands state laws for ticket scalping

Senior Woman Administrator Ensures that women have a role in the decision-making process Ensures that women’s interests are represented in areas such as –Business affairs and budget management –Equity in athletics disclosure oversight –Personnel decisions –Promotions, sponsorship, marketing, and development –Legislative processes

Equipment Manager Purchases equipment Fits equipment Checks, cleans, and inspects uniforms and equipment to reduce wear and risk of injury Establishes a comprehensive accountability system that includes inventory (pre- and postseason), reconditioning, and storage Develops educational processes for training professional and student staff

Athletics Training Staff Educated and trained in the prevention, assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries Coordinates decisions related to practice, competition, treatment, therapy, and rehabilitation with the athlete and the coaching staff

Academic Preparation Career path entails the following Study sport management as an undergraduate Engage in service learning and field experiences Consider selecting a graduate school that will complement your knowledge and experience Consider selecting a doctoral studies program if your goal is to become an AD at a major institution

Current Challenges Diversity—providing greater participation for a population that is underrepresented Gender equity—ensuring scholarship support, coaches, promotion, salaries, scheduling, administrators, budgets, and so on Racial equity—being sensitive to the effects of gender and race on a person’s career aspirations