Argumentation To defend what is true To attack what is false

Argumentation convince controversial a conflict of opinions Argument ≠Shouting Match. rational and reasonable evidence honest and friendly attitude

A Debatable Point controversial and significant  Forest Gump is my favorite movie.  The smartphones are more and more popular recently.  Noise pollution is harmful to people’s health. (personal preference) (mere statement of fact) (generally accepted viewpoint) Are cash incentives a good way to motivate employees?

Warm-up Activity Are cash incentives a good way to motivate employees? pro con Please note down how to introduce your point of view and what methods/views are used to persuade partner to believe you.

Are cash incentives a good way to motivate employees?  Pro  Money makes the world go round, and nowhere is this more true than in the workplace. Employers know that money is one of the best motivators. However, are bonuses or cash awards always the best way to reward employees? In this essay, I will look at some of the arguments for cash as a reward. Identification of issue Background to issue Thesis statement

 Intro 2  Many people argue that cash incentives are an unfair means of motivating employees. Others love the simple, practical, down-to-earth gift of money for a job well done. I feel that while there are some circumstances where money is the best recognition for extra work, there are other times it is inappropriate. Identification of issue Thesis statement

Types ofevidence Types of evidence  facts/ common sense  Specific examples  personal experience (narrative/descriptive)  news reports  interviews with authorities on the topic  surveys and statistics (hard evidence)  Policies / laws / regulations  Quotations / citations from authorities. etc.

Inductive reasoning Induction 归纳法 Deductive reasoning Deduction 演绎法 two general ways of reasoning Good Logic

 Induction refers to the process of examining particular details and arriving at a general conclusion based on that evidence.  You move from specific facts to a general statement. What is induction?

 Deduction refers to the process of arriving at a conclusion about a particular case based on a generalization.  You begin with a general statement and apply it to a specific case. What is deduction?

How does syllogism apply in an argumentative essay? It is often a good idea to begin the argument at a point where YOU and YOUR OPPONENT both agree on!

Typical syllogism Major premise: All human beings make mistakes. Minor Premise: John is human being. Conclusion: Therefore, John makes mistakes. Major premise (generalization) Minor premise (specific fact) Conclusion

Points to Remember The major premise and the minor premise must be true if the conclusion is to be valid. Major premise: All students love to study. Minor premise: John is a student. Conclusion: Therefore, John loves to study. (✘)(✘) (✘)(✘)

Good Organization Layout of an essay: 3773: a four paragraph essay 35553: a five paragraph essay

 3773 means  a 3-sentence Intro  a 7-sentence para.  a 3-sentence conclusion  means  a 3-sentence Intro  a 5-sentence para.  a 3-sentence conclusion

Viewpoint Evidence Substantiation Argument Refutation (1) A direct disapproval to the viewpoint (2) A disapproval to the evidence, then to the viewpoint (3) A disapproval to the substantiation, then to the viewpoint A debatable point Sufficient evidence Sound logic

Debate ( 每组选派 2 人参与课堂辩论， 8 人辩手， 2 人主持，任意结组为正方和反方，其他组员提供 辩论证据和数据） Are cash incentives a good way to reward the kids? Pro 4 con 4

Homework  3 words and 1 sentence  Debate