1 CHEMICALS USED IN HOMES AND ON FARMS FERTILIZERS PESTICIDES MANY ARE USED AS SOLUTIONS OR SUSPENSIONS

2 PLANT NUTRIENTS DIVIDED INTO MACRONUTRIENTS, SECONDARY NUTRIENTS, AND MICRONUTRIENTS MAY BE IN THE SOIL BUT MAY NOT BE IN A FORM THAT PLANTS CAN USE

3 MACRONUTRIENTS ELEMENTS PLANTS NEED IN LARGE AMOUNTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, & POTASSIUM

4 CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN ARE READILY AVAILABLE FROM AIR AND WATER

5 NUTRIENT USE NITROGEN: LUSH SHOOTS & LEAF GROWTH PHOSPHORUS: STRONG ROOTS & STURDY STEMS POTASSIUM: DISEASE RESISTANCE

6 SECONDARY NUTRIENTS ELEMENTS NEEDED IN MODERATE AMOUNTS CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SULFUR

7 MICRONUTRIENTS ELEMENTS NEEDED BY PLANTS IN SMALL AMOUNTS BORON, CHLORINE, COBALT, COPPER, IRON, MANGANESE, SODIUM, MOLYBDENUM, & ZINC

8 FERTILIZERS SUBSTANCES USED TO ADD NUTRIENTS TO SOIL MOST INCLUDE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, & POTASSIUM

9 MAY INCLUDE SOME SECONDARY & MICRONUTRIENTS

10 FERTILIZERS II THESE NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED BY PLANTS AS IONS FERTILIZERS MUST BREAK DOWN INTO USABLE IONS

11 USABLE IONS NITROGEN IS ABSORBED AS NH 4 +1 OR NO 3 -1 PHOSPHORUS (ALSO CALLED PHOSPHATE) IS ABSORBED IN AS H 2 PO 4 -1

12 POTASSIUM (ALSO CALLED POTASH) IS ABSORBED AS K +1

13 NITROGEN SOURCES SOURCES INCLUDE AMMONIACAL NITROGEN, NITRATES, AND UREA

14 AMMONIACAL NITROGEN MEANS THE AMMONIUM CATION (NH 4 +1 ) USUALLY IS NH 4 NO 3 OR (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

15 NITRATE THE ANION NO 3 -1 USUALLY IS NH 4 NO 3 OR Ca(NO 3 ) 2

16 UREA H 2 NCONH 2 REACTS WITH WATER TO FORM NH 4 +1

17 PHOSPHORUS SOURCES SOURCES INCLUDE ROCK PHOSPHATE (NATURAL), SUPER PHOSPHATE, OR AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE

18 ROCK PHOSPHATE IS Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 COMBINED WITH OTHER CALCIUM COMPOUNDS

19 PHOSPHORUS SOURCES II SUPERPHOSPHATE IS Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 MIXED WITH CaSO 4 (ALSO CALLED GYPSUM) AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE IS NH 4 H 2 PO 4

20 POTASSIUM SOURCES POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCl), POTASSIUM SULFATE (K 2 SO 4 ), POTASSIUM NITRATE (KNO 3 ), & POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM SULFATE (KMgSO 4 )

21 FERTILIZER LABELING DESCRIBED BY 3 NUMBERS THAT INDICATE THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF EACH MACRONUTRIENT

22 EXAMPLE MEANS 5% NITROGEN, 10% PHOSPHORUS, AND 8% POTASSIUM

23 FERTILIZER ANALYSES LABEL IS REQUIRED TO SHOW A GUARANTEED ANALYSIS LISTS PHOSPHORUS (OR PHOSPHATE), POTASSIUM (OR POTASH), AND ALL FORMS OF NITROGEN

24 SHOWS PERCENT COMPOSITION OF EACH NUTRIENT

25 PROBLEMS WITH FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS IN RUNOFF CAUSE EXCESSIVE PLANT GROWTH THAT DECREASES OXYGEN FOR AQUATIC LIFE

26 CONTAIN TRACE AMOUNTS OF UNDESIRABLE HEAVY METALS SUCH AS ARSENIC, CADMIUM, MERCURY, NICKEL, AND LEAD

27 PROBLEMS II CAN RUN OFF IN RAIN TO CONTAMINATE STREAMS AND PONDS HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATE AND MAY KILL AQUATIC LIFE

28 PROBLEMS III OFTEN LIFEFORMS DO NOT HAVE A WAY TO RID THESE FROM THEIR BODIES – SO THEY STAY THERE THIS IS CALLED BIOACCUMULATION

29 SOME HEAVY METALS MOVE UP THE FOOD CHAIN AS AQUATIC LIFE ARE EATEN THIS IS CALLED BIOMAGNIFICATION

30 PESTICIDES ANY CHEMICAL USED TO KILL OR CONTROL UNWANTED FUNGI, ANIMALS, OR PLANTS UNWANTED PLANTS ARE CALLED WEEDS

31 PESTICIDE TYPES INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES RODENTICIDES HERBICIDES

32 PESTICIDE EFFECTS MANY PESTICIDES ARE NOT SPECIFIC AND CAN KILL NON-TARGETED ORGANISMS

33 MANY PESTICIDES CAN CAUSE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS WHEN HANDLING – SO SPECIAL SAFETY TRAINING AND LICENSING IS REQUIRED

34 INSECTICIDES HALF-LIFE IS THE TIME FOR HALF OF THE CHEMICAL TO HAVE DECOMPOSED INTO SOMETHING ELSE

35 THOSE WITH LONG HALF- LIVES ARE CALLED PERSISTENT RESIDUES AFTER DECOMPOSITION MAY BE HARMFUL

36 ORGANOCHLORIDES CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS ARE COMPLEX ARRANGEMENTS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND CHLORINE

37 EXAMPLE: DDT (WAS 1 ST SYNTHETIC ORGANIC INSECTICIDE) DICHLORODIPHENYLTRIC HLOROETHANE

38 ORGANOCHLORIDES II OTHERS INCLUDE CHLORDANE, AND DIELDRIN ARE NEUROTOXINS HAVE VERY LONG HALF- LIVES THEY BIOACCUMULATE

39 MOST ARE NOT USED ANY MORE BECAUSE OF NEGATIVE EFFECTS

40 ORGANOPHOSPHATES NEUROTOXINS HAVE SHORT HALF-LIVES (REQUIRE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS) VERY DANGEROUS TO FARM WORKERS

41 DO NOT BIOACCUMULATE EXAMPLES: MALATHION, ORTHENE, DIAZINON

42 CARBAMATES NEUROTOXINS HAVE SHORT HALF-LIVES DO NOT BIOACCUMULATE EXAMPLE CARBAMATES: SEVIN AND ALDICARB

43 HERBICIDES USED TO CONTROL UNWANTED PLANTS USED ON POWER-LINE AND RAILROAD RIGHTS- OF-WAY, HIGHWAYS, LAWNS, AND CROPLAND

44 USED MOSTLY TO SAVE TIME AND COST OF WEEDING

45 HERBICIDES II TWO MAJOR TYPES ONE CAUSES PLANTS TO OUTGROW THEIR FOOD PRODUCING CAPABILITY (GROW TOO FAST AND DIE)

46 EXAMPLE: 2,4 D (IN MOST LAWN WEED KILLERS) 2,4 DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

47 HERBICIDES III OTHER TYPE ATTACKS CELLS OR PROCESSES IN PLANTS TO KILL THEM EXAMPLE: ROUNDUP

48 THE PERFECT PESTICIDE INEXPENSIVE AFFECT ONLY TARGET ORGANISM SHORT HALF LIFE BREAK DOWN INTO HARMLESS SUBSTANCES DOES NOT EXIST!

49 PROBLEMS WITH PESTICIDES NOT SPECIFIC – CAN KILL BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS INSECTS OFTEN DEVELOP A RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES

50 BIOACCUMULATION (ESPECIALLY FATTY AREAS) BIOMAGNIFICATION

51 PROBLEMS II DDT EXAMPLE – ALMOST WIPED OUT EAGLES DUE TO BIOMAGNIFICATION SHORT-TERM AND LONG- TERM HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS

52 PROBLEMS III SAFE IF PROPERLY APPLIED, BUT DEATHS HAVE OCCURRED WHEN IMPROPERLY APPLIED

53 MOST PEOPLE HAVE EXPOSURE TO SMALL QUANTITIES OR RESIDUES IN FOOD OR IN THE ENVIRONMENT