Learning Target 7.8 I can examine and summarize the contributions Muslim scholars made to later civilizations in the areas of science, geography, mathematics, philosophy, art, medicine, and literature.

Learning Target 7.8 Page 7.8—FRONT Divide your paper into four boxes. Label each box with heading shown in the example. Each box must include 2 text examples of Muslim contributions in the specific area. Each box must include 1 colored picture to accompany the examples. ScienceGeography MathematicsPhilosophy

Learning Target 7.8 Page 7.8—BACK Divide your paper into four boxes. Label each box with heading shown in the example. Each box must include 2 text examples of Muslim contributions in the specific area. Each box must include 1 colored picture to accompany the examples. MedicineArt LiteratureArchitecture

Science Muslim astronomers studied the skies and – created models of the universe. – described the sun’s eclipses. – proved the moon affects ocean tides. They improved the Greek astrolabe which – helped sailors determine their location at sea. – was used to measure the distance around the Earth and confirm that it was round. Muslim scientists experimented with metals. – Founders of chemistry – Labeled substances as animal, vegetable, or mineral

Astrolabe

Geography Medieval Muslim geographers – used astronomical readings and mathematical equations to judge distances on the Earth. – developed accurate mapping techniques. – confirmed the Earth was round using the astrolabe. – explored much of Africa.

Mathematics Invented algebra Borrowed symbols 0 through 9 from Hindu scholars and passed them on to Europeans— they became known as “Arabic numerals”

Philosophy Helped keep Greek ideas alive by translating ancient Greek writings into Arabic and then to other languages Averroes was famous Muslim philosopher. He was one of the main people to introduce Aristotle’s works to Europe. (Aristotle had been a Greek philosopher.) – One of Averroes’ main ideas was that people should use religion and philosophy to find the truth about life.

Medicine Arab doctors discovered – Blood circulates to and from the heart – Diagnosed diseases such as smallpox and measles Muslim doctors published their findings so they could share them with others. Arab doctors had to pass a test before they could practice medicine. Arabs created the first medical schools and pharmacies. They also build medical clinics.

Art Art was based on Islam and different cultures of the Muslim world. They used geometric designs along with flowers, leaves, stars, and beautiful writing.

Architecture Cities included beautiful buildings. – Mosques included towers called minarets. These are the towers from which an announcer calls Muslims to pray five times each day. – Palaces included central courtyards with porches, fountains, and pools. Walls were used around the palaces for protection. – Taj Mahal Mogul ruler Shah Jahan built it as a tomb for his wife Made of marble and precious stones Located in Agra, India

Literature The Qur’an was the first and most important work written in Arabic. Muslims also wrote non- religious literature: – Rubaiyat is considered to be one of the world’s first poems – The Thousand and One Nights or The Arabian Nights includes the character Aladdin