What the reasons for and consequences of segregation between different ethnic or socio-economic groups? We are going to look at this with respect to Manchester Textbook: pages 154 to 159; Sections 6.5 and 6.6

2 Urban zoning Another way, apart from googling it, to get a more accurate feel for looking at the kind of land use is to carry out a transect. But this takes a really long time if you record every building. But there are ways around this – see week 6!

3 So what is taking an urban transect? Choose a path through an urban area that represents the kind of land use variation within the town – so do not choose to go along a duel carriageway or wander through exclusively narrow lanes. To trace the land use, you would probably start at the centre of the CBD

4 So which would be my most representative? The Clock Tower CBD, Lower and upper Missing? CBD, Middle and upper and industry Missing? CBD, Lower Missing? What about this one?

5 This is a transect through Manchester Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values). Watch out for the internationally famous curry mile – see the knife and fork on the map Please explore esp now google maps has street level all the way! n&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid= fa36e0cfa8e7cc73 &z=12 n&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid= fa36e0cfa8e7cc73 &z=12

6 Starting at top in the city centre What do you notice at the top? – below?

7 Next … zone of transition – used to be factories but is no longer Beyond the inner ring road, much of the land has been redeveloped and there you find the university (top), the main out of London BBC centre, hospitals and museums. (Whitworth Art Gallery – below) – green and purple pins on the map. These obviously replaced something. What might that have been?

8 These are from Rusholme These are from Rusholme This where the first yellow house is on the map. What do you notice about the houses? The environment? Who do you think these were built for? What do you notice about the flats? Why are they there?

9 These are from Fallowfield These are from Fallowfield This where the 2 nd yellow house is on the map. What do you notice about these houses? The environment? How are they different from/ the same as the ones in Rusholme?

10 These are from Withington These are from Withington This where the 3 rd yellow house is on the map. What do you notice about these houses? The environment? How are they different from/ the same as the ones in Fallowfield?

11 These are from Didsbury These are from Didsbury This where the 4 th yellow house is on the map. What do you notice about these houses? The environment? How are they different from/ the same as the ones in Withington?

12 Thinking back to the original question What the reasons for and consequences of segregation between different ethnic or socio- economic groups? So what have we gather from that little run through? The poor quality housing is all grouped together near to the town centre, close to where the industry used to be. The further the housing is from the centre, the better quality of the housing and better kept the area appears to be. It would be fair to assume that the people living further out are better paid than those living toward the centre as the rents/purchase price for the houses are undoubtedly higher.

13 Thinking back to the original question Tenure about the rights of those living in it. The lilac bars are owner-occupiers while the red bars are people who rent. What pattern do you notice? Is there anything that might appear odd in the pattern?

14 Thinking back to the original question What do these 2 graphs tell you about the socio-economic status of the people who live in these districts?

15 Thinking back to the original question What the reasons for and consequences of segregation between different ethnic or socio- economic groups? We have established that there is socio- economic segregation – that this is based on historical patterns and to an extent by modern redevelopment But apart from the money coming in, how are the people who live in the dissimilar areas different from one another? Ethnicity: Does this occur? Lets see what the graphs tell us.

16 Past and projection What pattern do you see? How is it likely to change?

17 Is there marked ethnic segregation by group? The previous page, the non-whites were all grouped together. But they have very many different back grounds. Do you see any patterns in this graph that separates them out into broad ethnic groups?

18 Is there any marked ethnic segregation by group? Once we split the Asians into their ethnic back ground, can you see any patterns?

19 Is there any marked ethnic segregation by group? The Chinese seem most numerous in the inner city. In the city centre the number Chinese out-number the total of all ethic groups. Take a look at China town in Manchester

20 Why does ethnic segregation occur? New immigrants usually are looking for cheap housing near where the work is. In addition, they would feel uncomfortable being the only ethnic minority person in a locality, especially if their language skills are not that good. They might also feel threatened as they are not sure of their welcome and could be concerned about racial attacks. For these reasons, they tend to choose a place to live among or close to a community where their ethnic group is well represented. They need lots of help to settle in and members of their own community who have been there some time will (a) know what most of the questions are and (b) worked out many of the answers. In addition, where there is already a concentration of one ethnic group, there will be services set up, either by the voluntary sector or by the social services and education department, to help with particular issues. So there are distinct advantages to living close to those who share your language, history and beliefs.

21 Why does ethnic segregation occur? However, if there is a large influx into an area of one particular ethnic group, then people of other groups tend to move away. As others move out, more of that ethnic group take up the vacated properties. Whole streets may become areas where the first language, for example, is not English but some dialect of the Indian sub continent or in the case of China Town, Chinese. This leads to segregation by the exclusion of those not familiar with the language and customs of that group. In turn, this leads to anxiety and suspicion in the other ethnic groups and in the broader population. So racial tension builds up and can lead to racial incidents and to political movements such as the National Front gaining a toe hold in the surrounding areas. Where this occurs over a wide area, with a high concentration of one ethnic group, then it is called a ghetto. You may have heard about Jewish ghettos in Eastern Europe before WW2. There similar areas in some American cities, and places like Marseilles, the huge port in France that is on the Mediterranean coast. However, in the UK, the concentrations of ethnic groups are seen as too small to qualify – but the issues and the problems are very similar.

22 Why does ethnic segregation occur? These ethnic conclaves form in the worst kind of housing area, with the lowest expectations. By staying in what amounts to a ghetto, the immigrant women often never learn to speak English, which means they and their families do not have the opportunity to integrate into the broader society and cannot take the opportunities available to move to different areas, which may offer better facilities.

23 Why does ethnic segregation occur? But there is something odd going on here. There is a different racial attitude to the Chinese and Indian sub-continent groups Internationally, China Towns form in many western cities and are seen by the population at large as something to celebrate and enjoy visiting, almost as tourists – with their brightly decorated shops, interesting smells and a whole variety of experiences. We, the outsides, tend not to take notice of an under-current of criminal behaviour orchestrated by Triad Gangs – the Mafia of the East. This is mainly because all the criminal activity - people smuggling and protection rackets and drug dealing – takes place within the community and does not affect the outside community at all. However, Muslims in particular, but any from the Indian sub- continent, have always been viewed with more suspicion, even before the events of 9/11 and 7/7. But once these events had occurred, the Taliban and al Qaeda rose to prominence and all Muslims or people thought to be Muslim have come under suspicion, and grouping together and not integrating has only made it worse.

24 Why does ethnic segregation occur? However, a positive aspect of the lives of those from South India is the growth of Curry Mile (the white knife and Fork on the map). The name is earned from the large number of South Asian restaurants along the road, thought to be the largest concentration outside of the Indian subcontinent. Although less than a mile the road boasts at least seventy restaurants, take-aways and kebab houses. Also situated along the mile are a variety of Asian fashion, grocery and music shops, and the flavour of Asian cultural influence permeates most enterprises.

25 Why does ethnic segregation occur? The traditional and relaxing pastime of smoking Sheesha (the Middle-Eastern water pipe) has seen popularity in the area. It is used for smoking herbal fruits and tobacco. Sheesha is available in many flavours, from the usual apple and strawberry to coffee, chocolate and Coca Cola flavours. It is usually shared by a group of friends accompanied by mint tea or other beverages.

26 Another problem for inner South Manchester – gang membership and the guns that accompanied them. Gun crime in Manchester begun in the 1970s at a time of rising unemployment for the area's Black British/Afro- Caribbean community. Finding it difficult to make a living from legitimate means some residents chose to turn to the drug trade - mainly the sale of cannabis. During the 1980s, gang membership grew, each gang was associated with a ‘patch’. Shootings and murders increased in frequency in the area as each gang tried to protect their area. Negative news and media headlines, with the nickname of 'Gunchester' were used to sum up this increase in gang, drugs and firearms activity.

27 Gang membership and the guns that accompanied them. By the late 1990's gun related killings had increased with the nature of shootings changing, often seeming to take place over petty disputes, such as 'a row over a girl ‘or ‘ownership of a bike', and, surprisingly, rarely over the drug dealing "turf". 1996: 28 confirmed shootings; 12 wounded; 4 deaths 1997: 68 confirmed shootings; 39 wounded; 6 deaths. 1999: at least 270 confirmed shootings ;43 wounded; 7 deaths.

28 Gang membership and the guns that accompanied them. During the early 2000s there were several initiatives by the police to reduce gun crime and to work more with the communities but these did not have a great affect on the situation. However, following some high profile episodes in London, the Tackling Gangs Action Programme went nationwide in 2007 to all those areas that suffered from high crime rates due to gang activity, and by looking at the gang culture and concentrating on all the criminal activity rather than concentrating just on gun crime, the incidence of shooting has come down a lot, and even the local people are feeling optimistic about the future. In many of the areas targeted, including Manchester, people of Afro-Caribbean origin formed the bulk of the gang members, in the case of Manchester this amounted to 87%.

29 In conclusion In conclusion: the further you are from the city centre,  the better the quality of housing there is  The nicer the environment  the higher the income  The fewer the members of the ethnic groups are found  The less likely you are to come across gun/gang crime Having large groups of one ethnic type can be advantageous as it brings cultural diversity (China Town and Curry Mile), but it can bring problems of fear and suspicion and culturally antisocial behaviour (gang warfare and drug trafficking and racially motivated episodes against particular groups)

30 Homework Is an exam question: It is coloured coded to help you remember what they want you to do! only Blue words = only use the diagram  E.g where it says look at the diagram and then asks you to describe something – or asks what factors ‘purple words’ means define them at the start of when you use them With reference to named examples (or even when it does not but it is a 9 mark question) means case studies. E.g. in this case Manchester Red words or symbols ‘, imply ideas from more than one source are needed.  E.g. what are the causes and effects of ……