By: Sarah, Caroline, Locky, Katie Forestry By: Sarah, Caroline, Locky, Katie

Forested land pie chart -25.2% is commercial forest -19.8% is non commercial forest -55% is not forested

Commercial forest Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia have the most commercial forests in Canada

Boreal forest: 66.9% Taiga forest: 0.2% Montane forest: 92.1% Mixed forest: 95.8% West Coast forest: 85.1% Arctic: 0.2% Prairies: 85.3%

Sustained Yield Forest Management -Sustained means the practice is done so that future generations may do the same. -Sustained yield forest management means the controlled use of forests at a rate where they can renew themselves. -Examples: that the companies are using is how every time the cut down a tree, a certain number of them must be planted. how there are restricted places where they are not allowed to cut down trees or certain limits to how many of them they are allowed to cut down.

Ease of Logging Cost Eco-Protection -medium -expensive Harvesting Process Ease of Logging Cost Eco-Protection Clear cutting -fairly easy -no work of choosing -but a lot to cut down -less expensive -depends if replanted -but can also make soil erode or grow undesirable species Shelterwood -more work - series of cuts - have to select area of forest -medium -groups of seed-bearing trees left -only clear-cuts part of forest -used in forest with uniform sizes and age Selective - choose only best trees -expensive -less disruptive to environment Does not allow replanting of new uniform forest

Clear Cutting: Corporate view: Clear cutting and replanting program is similar to the way forests work naturally after destructon by fire or insects Determine size and shape of clear cut and keeps nature and bio-diversity in mind Take great care to cause as little damage as possible

Environmentalist view: Removes all ground cover causing erosion when raining, killing aquatic life Change in temperatures causing disruption of eco-system that causes desert like land Uniform forest lack development of a natural forest WHAT’S YOUR VIEW???

Aerial Pesticide Spraying: Corporate view: Cheap and effective to kill pests that can cause extensive damage to forest Low toxic effects on wildlife and mostly safe for people Not spraying pesticides can result more damage

Environmentalist view: Can cause illness and endanger wildlife Can cause cancers and birth defects to people living near there along with forest workers There are other better ways like releasing an insect that only eats the pest can be released and will naturally die off Or silviculture which means to plant variety of plants and trees making the forest less appealing and starve them WHAT’S YOUR VIEW?????

Global Competition: Corporate view: disadvantage from short growing season Must do everything cost effectively Trying to achieve sustained yield forest management and minimize costs This is part of our economy and needed for living standards of Canadians

Environmentalist view: Sustained Yield forest management os not top priority in the industry and not routine practice either The money is not being used properly to create our forest industry more sustainable Forests are getting smaller and younger creating loggers to go deeper into forests to get desirable trees This uses more money making it less competitive in the global Market WHAT’S YOUR VIEW?????

Softwood vs. Hardwood Contrary to popular belief, Hardwood is not necessarily a 'harder' material (more dense) and softwood a 'softer' material (less dense). (Balsa Wood) Telling the difference between the two has to do with reproduction Hardwood trees are classified as angiosperms, they produce seeds with a covering. (Apple trees, Oak) Softwood trees are classified as gymnosperms, let seeds fall to ground with no covering. (Poplars, Maple)

Why is central Canada the leading pulp/paper producers? - Large supply of trees - Willingness to issue logging licenses. - Paper & Pulp, produced by trees - When supply of trees is high = Lower cost to manufacture - Cheaper trees = cheaper pulp/paper production

Why is B.C. the leading producer in Canada's lumber? - 2/3rds of B.C. is forest - Trees = high, Cost = Low - Paper is cheap in B.C because of this

Why is the number of sawmills decreasing? - As technology advances and people are becoming more reliant on computers. - Things such as email, word processing laptops, tablets etc. = less demand for paper = less need for trees = less need for sawmills

How are new sawmills different from older ones? - Smaller - Some are electric instead of gasoline powered - They are more efficient (Process more lumber in less time) - They are ultimately better

Industry View: British Columbia Forests ~ The British Columbia forest industry is responsible for 43% of shipments for manufacturing ~ The forest industry also makes up 13% of British Columbia’s GDP ~ The forest industry is very important because most people and communities depend on the forest industry for their employment ~ People like working for the forest industry because they feel they are helping to improve forests, and make them better for years to come ~ Since many people are dependant on the forest industry in British Columbia, the industry feels that it’s important to keep many people working and providing for themselves and their families. ~ Therefore, slowing down the industries business could end up being worse for people in the long run.

Environmental view: British Columbia forests ~ There are many organizations in British Columbia, which are trying to educate people on the environment and our forests in particular through different things like: ~ Workshops ~ Field Tours ~ Industry Tours ~ Class Presentations ~ Awareness Camps ~ Through different activities like these, the public is able to see what is happening to our forests, and what organizations and the forest industry are doing to protect the forests. ~ People will also learn how to protect the forests themselves, and what they can do to get involved in an organization and directly help out.

Acid Rain ~ Acid rain doesn’t directly kill trees. Instead it damages the tree’s leaves which then damages the tree itself by weakening it ~ Acid rain can also add toxic substances to the soil around trees, and the soil then releases the toxic substances into the tree through its roots, which limits the amount of nutrients available to the tree, therefore killing it ~ South-Eastern Canada is the most effected area in Canada because of factories and air pollution caused by them in the Toronto-Hamilton area. Acid rain also effects the north-eastern U.S.A because of high numbers of factories and power plants, which therefore also effects the south-eastern piece of Canada.

Forest Fires ~ Forest fires are a normal part of trees lifecycle because the heat from the fire clears out the forest floors which then allows for new seeds to take root in the forest and new healthier trees can grow. It usually only takes about 3 months after the fire for seeds to plant themselves and begin growing ~ Forest fires caused by people are put out by firefighters because they are usually close to buildings and are threatening to other people, so they have to be put out before they can hurt anyone or anything ~ When forest fires are caused naturally (ex. by lightening) they are usually left to let themselves out because if they burn themselves out, then it helps to forest to rejuvenate (rebuild/replant) itself

Insects & Pests ~ Forest companies spend lots of time and money to try and control insects and pests because they can destroy more trees and their wood than some forest fires do ~ As a result of the insects destroying all wood, it can delay the regeneration of the trees, because the bugs don’t fully destroy the wood and clear out the forest floors ~ Something that almost all forest companies are doing, is placing ‘purple boxes’ in trees to test for different bugs. Then the companies will know exactly what bugs are where and so they will know to exterminate that particular bug if necessary. The majority of the boxes are testing for the Emerald Ash Borer. This particular bug is destroying ash trees.