Acids Lesson 9 Ionization of Water. The pH Scale Water ionizes to a small degree. H 2 O (l) ⇄ H + +OH - 2H 2 O (l) ⇄ H 3 O + +OH - Kw = [H + ][OH - ]=1.0x.

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Acids Lesson 9 Ionization of Water

The pH Scale Water ionizes to a small degree. H 2 O (l) ⇄ H + +OH - 2H 2 O (l) ⇄ H 3 O + +OH - Kw = [H + ][OH - ]=1.0x C [H + ] and [OH - ] are inversely related! 1.Calculate the [H + ] and [OH - ] in 1.0 M HCl. HCl  H + +Cl M1.0 M1.0 M [H + ][OH - ]=1.0x [1.0][OH - ]=1.0x [OH - ]=1.0x M Note that in acid solution the [H + ] is large and the [OH - ] is small.

2.Calculate the [H + ] and [OH - ] in 1.0 M Ba(OH) 2. Ba(OH) 2  Ba 2+ +2OH M1.0 M2.0 M [H + ][OH - ]=1.0x [H + ][2.0]=1.0x [H + ]=5.0x M In a basic solution the [OH - ] is very large and the [H + ] is very small!

3.Calculate the [H + ] and [OH - ] in H 2 O. The ionization of water. H 2 O ⇄ H + +OH -x [H + ][OH - ]=1.0x x 2 =1.0x [OH - ] =[H + ]=1.0x M Note that in pure water that the [H + ] and the [OH - ] are equal!

4.The pH scale has three important end points. pH 0Strong Acid1.0 M HCl 7NeutralH 2 Oor NaCl 14Strong Base1.0 M NaOH

The pH scale 1.0 M HCl H 2 O1.0 M NaOH pH

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3 weak baseD HCl

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3 weak baseD HClstrong acidA KOH

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3 weak baseD HClstrong acidA KOHstrong baseE HF

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3 weak baseD HClstrong acidA KOHstrong baseE HFweak acidB H 2 O

pH A B C D E 5.Match each letter with a formula. All are 1 M. NH 3 weak baseD HClstrong acidA KOHstrong baseE HFweak acidB H 2 OneutralC

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH We start the pH scale at 1.0 M HCl strong acid. 1.0 is the same as 1.0 x 10 0

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M Substitute in the [H + ] and solve for [OH - ]

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M Substitute in the [H + ] and solve for [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = 1.0 x

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M Substitute in the [H + ] and solve for [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = 1.0 x [1][OH - ] = 1.0 x

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M Substitute in the [H + ] and solve for [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = 1.0 x [1][OH - ] = 1.0 x [OH - ] = 1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x MLet's decrease the [H + ] by a factor of 10 and solve for [OH - ]

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x MLet's decrease the [H + ] by a 1.0 x M1.0 x Manother factor of 10 and solve for [OH - ]

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x MNote, this is neutral solution!

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x 10 0 MNote this is the other end of the pH scale where [OH - ] = 1.0 M

Notice that the [H + ] scale goes from 1.0 M to 1.0 x M going from 1.0 M strong acid to 1.0 M strong base. This means that the [H + ] is changing by a factor of: 1.0=1.0 x x There appears to be a need to simplify the scale. Why not take the power of the hydrogen ion concentration and get a scale from 0 to -14. We could take the negative of this and get a simple scale from 0 to 14. This is called the pH scale.

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x 10 0 M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x 10 0 M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M0 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x 10 0 M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M0 1.0 x M1.0 x M1 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x M 1.0 x M1.0 x 10 0 M

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M0 1.0 x M1.0 x M1 1.0 x M1.0 x M2 1.0 x M1.0 x M3 1.0 x M1.0 x M4 1.0 x M1.0 x M5 1.0 x M1.0 x M6 1.0 x M1.0 x M7 1.0 x M1.0 x M8 1.0 x M1.0 x M9 1.0 x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x 10 0 M14

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M0We can do the same 1.0 x M1.0 x M1with the pOH 1.0 x M1.0 x M2 1.0 x M1.0 x M3 1.0 x M1.0 x M4 1.0 x M1.0 x M5 1.0 x M1.0 x M6 1.0 x M1.0 x M7 1.0 x M1.0 x M8 1.0 x M1.0 x M9 1.0 x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x 10 0 M14

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x 10 0 M140

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M68 Note that the pH + pOH = x M1.0 x C 1.0 x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x 10 0 M140

pHScaleKw = [H + ][OH - ]= 1.0x [H + ][OH - ]pHpOH 1.0 x 10 0 M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M68 Note that the the scale can go 1.0 x M1.0 x M77 to -1 and x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x M x M1.0 x 10 0 M140 15