RobEn Workshop Circuits Basics & Hardware (1) 1

Prefixes PrefixPowerAbbreviation Femto f Pico p Nano10 -9 n Micro10 -6 μ Milli10 -3 m Centi10 -2 c Deci10 -1 d Deka10 1 da Hecto10 2 h Kilo10 3 k Mega10 6 M Giga10 9 G Tera10 12 T

Circuits Basics 3

Main Elements For Any Electrical Circuit

Electrical Elements Symbols:

Electricity SI Units PowerPwatt (W) Electric CurrentIampere (A) ChargeQcoulomb (C) Electric PotentialVvolt (V) ResistanceRohm (Ω) InductanceHhenry (H) CapacitanceCfarad (F)

Some Main Components

Resistors “Electrical components with the primary function to limit the flow of electric current.”

1.Fixed Resistor: Made of a ceramic rod coated by film of carbon, metal or metal oxide.

2.Potentiometer: It is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

3. LDR (Light Dependent Resistors) It is used as light/dark sensor, since its resistance value changes depending on light intensity. Its resistance is inversely proportional with light intensity.

Diodes It is an electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode.it is made of semiconductor materials (silicon, germanium, or selenium). It conducts electric current in only one direction.

Capacitor Applications: It can be used like a temporary battery. Reservoir capacitors in smoothing the O/P. Motor starters. “A component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.”

Power Source 1.AC power source 2.DC power source  We are going to use DC power source. DC Battery: Cell Battery Power Supply: It Consists of a transformer + diodes + capacitors.

Voltage regulator “It is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.” Types Connection

Switches “It is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit.” Types of switches:

Relay Relays are made in many configurations, sizes and shapes, coil voltage and current, contact voltage and current.

When no current is flowing in the electromagnet coil the armature is pulled up by the spring and its COM contact connects to the NC contact.

When a current flows in the coil, it produces magnetic energy in the iron core which pulls the armature down. When the armature pulls down the COM contact switches from NC to NO.

Transistor It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Commonly as a switch

We use an NPN to control a high-power LED:

We can use a PNP transistor to create a high- side switch:

H-Bridge It is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. Most Common Application:  Allowing DC motors to run forwards and backwards.

Ohm’s law

Connections 25

Connections

Battery’s connections

SIGNALS TYPES ANALOG DIGITAL

SHORT CIRCUIT Reservoir Limited source Data sheet Measurement errors

PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)

Breadboard Breadboards are used to test circuits before the components are soldered in the pcb.

AVOMETER