PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1 Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Cartilages Bones of skeleton Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Articular cartilage of a joint Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a-b Proximal epiphysis (b) (a) Epiphyseal line Articular cartilage Periosteum Spongy bone Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Compact bone Diaphysis Distal epiphysis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c (c) Yellow bone marrow Endosteum Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5 Compact bone Trabeculae Spongy bone (diploë)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.6 Structures in the central canal Artery with capillaries Vein Nerve fiber Lamellae Collagen fibers run in different directions Twisting force

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b (b) Lacunae Lamellae Nerve Vein Artery Canaliculus Osteocyte in a lacuna Central canal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7a-c Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Lacuna (with osteocyte) (a) (b)(c) Lacunae Lamellae Nerve Vein Artery Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna Circumferential lamellae Osteon (Haversian system) Central (Haversian) canal Central canal Interstitial lamellae Lamellae Compact bone Spongy bone

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bone Development

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9 Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. Hyaline cartilage Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal blood vessel Spongy bone formation Epiphyseal plate cartilage Secondary ossification center Blood vessel of periosteal bud Medullary cavity Articular cartilage Childhood to adolescence Birth Week 9 Month 3 Spongy bone Bone collar Primary ossification center 12345

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 1 Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model. 1 Hyaline cartilage Week 9 Bone collar Primary ossification center

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 2 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. 2 Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 3 The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form. 3 Spongy bone formation Blood vessel of periosteal bud Month 3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 4 The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5. 4 Epiphyseal blood vessel Secondary ossification center Medullary cavity Birth

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. 5 Epiphyseal plate cartilage Articular cartilage Childhood to adolescence Spongy bone

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9 Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. Hyaline cartilage Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal blood vessel Spongy bone formation Epiphyseal plate cartilage Secondary ossification center Blood vessel of periosteal bud Medullary cavity Articular cartilage Childhood to adolescence Birth Week 9 Month 3 Spongy bone Bone collar Primary ossification center 12345

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11 Bone growth Bone remodeling Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate Cartilage grows here. Cartilage is replaced by bone here. Cartilage grows here. Bone is resorbed here. Bone is resorbed here. Bone is added by appositional growth here. Cartilage is replaced by bone here.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Factors in Bone Health FactorEffect Parathyroid hormoneStimulates osteoclasts, causes bone resorption, increases blood calcium CalcitoninInhibits osteoclasts, builds bone, decreases blood calcium Vitamin DPromotes calcium and phosphorous absorption in gut, decreases urinary loss of calcium Sex hormones – testosterone, estrogens Stimulate osteoblasts Growth hormoneBuilds bone Diet - protein, calcium, phosphorous, vitamins A, C, D, Provides building blocks for bone, and helps metabolism Weightbearing exerciseStresses bone, stimulate osteoblasts

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12 Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood. Parathyroid glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH). Stimulus Falling blood Ca 2+ levels PTH Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 ml BALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.16

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Age-Related Changes in Trabecular Bone M. Ding et al. 2002

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Kyphosis NLS0601Zhangfig1.JPG 23

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Which two hormones work in opposition to control homeostatic blood levels of calcium via bone remodeling? Thyroid hormone and estrogen Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin Calcitonin and estrogen Parathyroid hormone and estrogen