14-1 Ketones, Aldehydes, Amines Unit 14

14-2 Aldehydes and Ketones  The simplest carbonyl compounds are aldehydes and ketones  A ketone has two alkyl (or aryl) groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon.  An aldehyde has one alkyl (or aryl) group and one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon.

14-3 Ketones  IUPAC nomenclature requires ketones to be named replacing the –e ending of the alkyl name with –one.  Alkane  Alkanone

14-4 Aldehydes  Systematic names for aldehydes are obtained by replacing –e with –al.  An aldehyde has to be at the end of a chain, thus it is carbon number 1.  If the aldehyde is attached to a large unit, the suffix carbaldehyde is used. Cyclohexane carbaldehyde

14-5 Aldehydes and Ketones  Aldehyde and ketone groups can also be named as a substituent on a molecule with another functional group as its root.  The ketone carbonyl is given the prefix oxo- and the aldehyde carbonyl is named with the prefix formyl- 2-formylbenzoic acid 3-oxopentanal

14-6 Aldehydes and Ketones – Common Names  The widespread use of carbonyl compounds means many common names are entrenched in their everyday use. Acetophenone

14-7 Tollen’s Test (Silver Mirror)  This type of oxidation reaction is the basis of the most common chemical test for aldehydes.  The Tollen’s reagent is added to an unknown compound and if an aldehyde is present, it is oxidized.  This process reduces Ag + to Ag which precipitates and sticks to the flask wall forming a mirror. forming a mirror. AgNO 3 +NaOH→AgOH+HNO 3 2AgOH→Ag 2 O+H 2 O Ag 2 O + 4NH 3 + H 2 O → 2Ag(NH 3 ) OH -

14-8 Amines  Amines are derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen.  Amines can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary, meaning one, two or three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen respectively.  Quaternary ammonium salts have four alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen and the nitrogen bears a full positive charge.

14-9 Amines

14-10 Amines

14-11 Amines

14-12 Amines