Downloaded from SINGLE PILOT CRM Sun-N-Fun FAA Safety Center Lakeland, Florida April 17, 1999

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun WHY ARE WE HERE?  FLY-IN  FUN  FUTURE  A/C  RAIN?

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun IT WON’T HAPPEN TO ME! l “WHEN ANYONE ASKS ME HOW I CAN BEST DESCRIBE MY EXPERIENCE IN NEARLY FORTY YEARS AT SEA, I MERELY SAY, UNEVENTFUL. OF COURSE THERE HAVE BEEN WINTER GALES, AND STORMS AND FOG AND THE LIKE, BUT IN ALL MY EXPERIENCE I HAVE NEVER BEEN IN AN ACCIDENT OF ANY SORT WORTH SPEAKING ABOUT. I HAVE SEEN BUT ONE VESSEL IN DISTRESS IN ALL MY YEARS AT SEA....I NEVER SAW A SHIPWRECK AND HAVE NEVER BEEN SHIPWRECKED, NOR WAS I EVER IN ANY PREDICAMENT THAT THREATENED TO END IN DISASTER OF ANY SORT.” E.J. SMITH l ON 14 APRIL 1912 RMS TITANIC SANK WITH THE LOSS OF 1500 LIVES - ONE OF WHICH WAS IT’S CAPTAIN E.J. SMITH

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun WHAT IS CRM? “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES… l HUMAN l HARDWARE l INFORMATION

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun WHY CRM? 1.OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun QUICK HISTORY... l 1940’S - MILITARY l 1970’S - ACCIDENT STUDIES/ASRS l 1980’S - GENERAL AVIATION - PILOT JUDGMENT TRAINING l 1980’S - AIRLINES - “COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” l 1990’S - INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CHANGES IN ACCIDENT CAUSAL FACTORS OVER TIME HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES MECHANICAL CAUSES TIME (31 YEARS) RELATIVE PROPORTION OF ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL)

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun HUMAN FACTORS DEFINITION HUMAN FACTORS “A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD DEVOTED TO OPTIMIZING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND REDUCING HUMAN EROR” (OOOPS!)

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun HUMAN ERRORS LEADING TO ACCIDENTS... HOW MANY ERRORS NEED TO OCCUR BEFORE WE HAVE AN ACCIDENT?

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE FOR AIRCRAFT YEAR ANNUAL-RATESANNUAL-RATES

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4%

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK... CRM INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation.”

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun WHAT MAKES A PILOT? “A PILOT MUST HAVE A MEMORY; BUT THERE ARE TWO HIGHER QUALITIES WHICH HE MUST ALSO HAVE. HE MUST HAVE GOOD AND QUICK JUDGMENT AND DECISION, AND A COOL, CALM COURAGE THAT NO PERIL CAN SHAKE. GIVE A MAN THE TRIFLE OF PLUCK TO START WITH, AND BY THE TIME HE HAS BECOME A PILOT HE CANNOT BE UNMANNED BY ANY DANGER…BUT ONE CANNOT QUITE SAY THE SAME FOR JUDGMENT. JUDGMENT IS A MATTER OF BRAINS, AND A MAN MUST START WITH A GOOD STOCK OF THAT ARTICLE OR HE WILL NEVER SUCCEED AS A PILOT.” MARK TWAIN“LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI”

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CRM MARKERS l COMMUNICATION l DECISION MAKING l PLANNING l WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT l SITUATION AWARENESS

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CRM MARKERS COMMUNICATION l WORDS l TONE l BODY LANGUAGE l TWO EARS, ONE MOUTH

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CRM MARKERS DECISION MAKING l DECISION TO MAKE l GATHER INFORMATION l IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES l EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES l CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE l EVALUATE CHOICE l RETURN TO THE BEGINNING

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CRM MARKERS PLANNING l MAKE A PLAN l FOLLOW THE PLAN l MODIFY THE PLAN, IF NECESSARY

Critical Flight Window CRM MARKERS WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT 2,000

Downloaded from 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun CRM MARKERS SITUATION AWARENESS THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS (AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) l FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS l UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURES l VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS l NO ONE FLYING A/C l NO ONE LOOKING OUT OF THE WINDOW (HUMAN TCAS)

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS (AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) l NO CHECKLISTS l INCOMPLETE COMMUNICATIONS l AMBIGUITY l UNRESOLVED DISCREPANCIES l FIXATION OR PREOCCUPATION l EMPTY FEELING OR CONFUSION

BREAK THE ERROR CHAIN 2 Ambiguity 7 No one looking 4. Use of Undoc. Procedures 3. Unre. Discrepancies 6 No one flying 8 Confusion 1 Incomplete Comm. 9 Deviation from SOPs 5 Preoccupation or Fixation 10 Violations of Failure to meet...

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun IMPROVE YOUR CRM SKILLS... H ESTABLISH AND FOLLOW YOUR SOP’S H COMMUNICATE YOUR SOP’S (BRIEF PASSENGERS) H BE AWARE!

Downloaded from 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun THE END ( QUESTIONS??? ( THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! ( REMEMBER….. MAKE CRM PART OF YOUR SOP!