5 Evolution and Community Ecology CHAPTER

Black and White, and Spread All Over Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes system and connecting rivers. The invasive mussels have a high economic and ecological cost. Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes system and connecting rivers. The invasive mussels have a high economic and ecological cost. Talk About It The Great Lakes are home to more than 20 native mussel species. Why are the zebra and quagga mussels so much more destructive than the lakes’ native mussels?

Lesson 5.1 Evolution Scientists have identified and described over 1.5 million species. Millions more have yet to be discovered.

DO NOW What is evolution? Does evolutionary change occur quickly or gradually? Provide 2 examples of evolutionary change What is evolution? Does evolutionary change occur quickly or gradually? Provide 2 examples of evolutionary change

Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All the genes present in a population Biological evolution: The change in a population’s gene pool over time Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All the genes present in a population Biological evolution: The change in a population’s gene pool over time Lesson 5.1 Evolution A starting population of fish. Genes control the color and pattern of the fish’s scales.

Mechanisms of Biological Evolution: Mutation and Migration Mutation Lesson 5.1 Evolution Accidental change in DNA that can give rise to variation among individuals Migration (gene flow) Movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population

Mechanisms of Biological Evolution: Genetic Drift and Natural Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution Genetic Drift Natural Selection Evolution that occurs by chance Process by which traits useful for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently than those that are not

Conditions of Natural Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution (1) Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. (2) Individuals vary in characteristics, some of which are heritable. (3) Individuals vary in fitness, or reproductive success. Did You Know? Darwin privately researched natural selection for two decades before publishing On the Origin of Species.

Artificial Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution Selection under human direction Throughout history, humans have chosen and bred animals and plants with beneficial traits.

Speciation Lesson 5.1 Evolution Process by which new species are generated Can occur in a number of different ways; the most important way is called allopatric speciation Has resulted in every form of life on Earth— today and in the past Allopatric Speciation

Extinction Lesson 5.1 Evolution The disappearance of species from Earth Generally occurs gradually, one species at a time, when environmental conditions change more rapidly than the species can adapt There are five known mass extinction events, each of which wiped out a large proportion of Earth’s species. Did You Know? During the Permo-Triassic extinction 250 million years ago, 70% of all land species and 90% of all marine species went extinct. Trilobites Marine arthropods that went extinct at the end of the Permian period.

Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions The zebra mussel has completely displaced 20 native mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

The Niche Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Describes an organism’s use of resources and functional role in a community Affected by an organism’s tolerance—its ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions Often restricted by competition

Competition Organisms compete when they seek the same limited resource. In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources. To reduce competition, species often partition resources, which can lead to character displacement. Organisms compete when they seek the same limited resource. In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources. To reduce competition, species often partition resources, which can lead to character displacement. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Resource Partitioning

Predation (+/–) The process by which a predator hunts, kills, and consumes prey Causes cycles in predatory and prey population sizes Defensive traits such as camouflage, mimicry, and warning coloration have evolved in response to predator-prey interactions. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of coevolution, the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. The process by which a predator hunts, kills, and consumes prey Causes cycles in predatory and prey population sizes Defensive traits such as camouflage, mimicry, and warning coloration have evolved in response to predator-prey interactions. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of coevolution, the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? A single rough- skinned newt contains enough poison to kill 100 people. Unfortunately for the newt, its predator, the common garter snake, has coevolved resistance to the toxin. Rough-Skinned Newt

Parasitism and Herbivory (+/–) Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? One study of Pacific estuaries suggests that parasites play an important role in keeping these ecosystems healthy by controlling host populations. Hookworm (a parasite) Parasitism: One organism (the parasite) relies on another (the host) for nourishment or for some other benefit Herbivory: An animal feeding on a plant

Mutualism (+/+) and Commensalism (+/0) Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? Symbiosis describes a long- lasting and physically close relationship between species in which at least one species benefits. Mutualism: a relationship in which two or more species benefit Commensalism: a relationship in which one species benefits while the other is unaffected Lichen: a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, such as an alga

Chapter 4 & 5 Review DO NOW: Finish your worksheets (note packets) Answer Questions on the board  you may want to write down some of the questions in your notebook, however some are in the textbook DO NOW: Finish your worksheets (note packets) Answer Questions on the board  you may want to write down some of the questions in your notebook, however some are in the textbook