Made by Diana Yerzhina, LB

Simple (fact) Perfect Progressive (result of process) Progressive (process) Perfect (result)

Time expressions We use it for: Usually, often, always, every day/week/month/year/etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, sometimes, rarely, at night, at the weekend, on Fridays, etc. facts and permanent states; general truths and laws of nature; habits and routines; timetables and programs (in the future); sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations; feelings and emotions. Affirmative sentence Negative sentenceQuestionSpecial question V1/ V1-s don’t/doesn’t V1 Do/Does V1?Wh… do/does V1? * Who V1-s? Present Simple Tense (do+V1)

facts and permanent states Mark works for an advertising company. general truths and laws of nature Oil floats on water. habits and routines He usually goes jogging in the mornings. timetables and programs (in the future) The plane to Madrid takes off at 6:30 pm. sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations Beckham wins the ball, then he crosses and Owen scores. feelings and emotions I love Paris, because it is a beautiful city.

Time expressions We use it for: Now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight, etc. actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking; temporary situations; fixed arrangements in the near future; currently changing and developing situations; expressing of anger or irritation at a repeated action (with adverbs such as always). Affirmative sentence Negative sentenceQuestionSpecial question am is V4 are am not isn’t V4 aren’t Am Is V4? Are am Wh… is V4? are * Who is V4? Present Progressive Tense (be+V4)

actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking The kids are playing video games in the living room. temporary situations They are painting the house. fixed arrangements in the near future I am going to a party tonight. currently changing and developing situations The rivers are becoming more and more polluted. expressing of anger or irritation at a repeated action (with adverbs such as always) She is always biting her nails when someone talks to her.

Time expressions We use it for: For, since, just, already, yet, lately, recently, so far, ever, etc. actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned, because the action is more important; actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present; actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present; talking about an experience. Affirmative sentence Negative sentenceQuestionSpecial question have/has V3 haven’t/hasn’t V3 Have/Has V3?Wh…have/has V3? * Who has V3? Present Perfect Tense (have+V3)

actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned, because the action is more important. Tom has broken his arm. actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present Kim has been a chef since actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present I have painted the kitchen. Doesn’t it look nice? talking about an experience They have travelled through Europe.

Time expressions We use it for: For, since, all morning/ afternoon/ week/ day, etc. an action which started in the past and continues up to the present; an action which has recently finished and its result is evident now; expressing irritation. Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Question have/ has been V4 haven’t/hasn’t been V4Have/Has been V4? Present Perfect Progressive Tense (have+been+V4)

an action which started in the past and continues up to the present She has been typing letters for three hours. an action which has recently finished and its result is evident now They are tired. They have been working for nine hours. expressing irritation Where were you? I have been waiting for you for two hours!

Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley «Enterprise. Grammar 2. Student’s book». Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley «Upstream. Pre-intermediate B1. Student’s book».