Electron transport chains Electrons move from a carrier with a lower standard reduction potentials (E O ) to a carrier with a higher E O

Mitochondrial electron transport chain Electrons eventually combine with 1/2 O 2 and 2 H + to form H 2 O Protons pumped across the membrane at various points during electron transport

E. coli electron transport chain Electrons move from: NADH  FAD  Coenzyme Q Terminal oxidase varies depending on growth conditions Amount of protons pumped out depends on growth conditions

P. denitrificans electron transport chains Has both aerobic and anaerobic electron transport chains Anaerobic chain uses NO 3 - as the final electron acceptor

Oxidative phosphorylation Is dependent on the proton motive force and chemiosmosis

The proton motive force Protons are pumped from the interior to the exterior of the membrane resulting in a gradient of protons and a membrane potential

The roles of proton motive force Powers rotation of bacterial flagella Required for some types of active transport Generation of ATP

The roles of proton motive force Flagella rotation Active transport

Chemiosmosis Diffusion of protons back across the membrane  drives the formation of ATP by ATP synthase

ATP synthase Composed of 2 components: F 0 - membrane embedded F 1 - attached to inner membrane

F 0 component Composed 1 a subunit, 2 b subunits and 9-12 c subunits Electrons pass through a channel in F 0 a subunit

F 1 component Appears as a sphere on the inner membrane Composed of 3  subunits, 3  subunits 2  subunits and 1  subunit

F 1 component Passage of electrons through F 0 causes  subunit to rotate Rotation causes conformational changes in  subunits that results in the synthesis of ATP

F 1 component

Yield of ATP in eukaryotic cells 1 NADH generates 2-3 ATPs 1 FADH 2 generates 2 ATPs Actual yield can be closer to 30 ATPs

Yield of ATP in prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells generate less ATP Amounts vary depending on growth conditions

Anaerobic respiration Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen Major electron acceptors are nitrate, sulfate and CO 2 Metals and certain organic molecules can also be reduced

Anaerobic respiration Reduction of nitrate in respiration known as dissimilatory nitrate reduction Nitrate often reduced sequentially to nitrogen gas (N 2 ) Process referred to as denitrification

Carbohydrate catabolism Glucose, fructose and mannose can enter glycolytic pathway after phosphorylation Galactose is modified before being transformed into glucose-6-P

Carbohydrate catabolism Disaccharides and polysaccharides must be cleaved into monosaccharides Can be cleaved by hydrolysis or phosphorolysis (results in the addition of a phosphate group)

Carbohydrate catabolism Reserve polymers like glycogen and starch are degraded by phosphorolysis to release glucose-1-P Converted to glucose-6-P and enters glycolytic pathway Poly-  -hydroxybutyrate converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the TCA cycle

Lipid catabolism Triacylglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids Lipases separate glycerol from fatty acids Glycerol phosphorylated and converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate  glyceraldehyde- 3-P  glycolysis

Lipid catabolism Fatty acids are converted to CoA esters and oxidized by the  -oxidation pathway Fatty acids degraded to acetyl- CoA  TCA cycle

Lipid catabolism Fatty acids are converted to CoA esters and oxidized by the  -oxidation pathway Fatty acids degraded to acetyl- CoA  TCA cycle

 -oxidation pathway Produces 1.Acetyl-CoA 2.NADH 3.FADH 2

Protein and amino acid catabolism Proteases hydrolyze proteins and polypeptides into amino acids Removal of amino group referred to as deamination

Deamination Usually accomplished by transamination Amino group transferred to an  -keto acid acceptor

Deamination Organic acid oxidized for energy or used as carbon source

Deamination Excess nitrogen excreted as ammonium ion

Oxidation of inorganic molecules (chemolithotrophy) Chemolithotrophs derive energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules Most common electron donors are hydrogen, reduced nitrogen compounds, reduced sulfur compounds and ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) Oxygen, nitrate and sulfate can be used as the final electron acceptor

Oxidation of inorganic molecules (chemolithotrophy)

Hydrogen oxidation Several bacteria possess a hydrogenase enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: H 2  2H + + 2e - Electrons can be donated to an electron transport chain or NAD +

Nitrogen oxidation Species of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira oxidize ammonia to nitrite NH /2 O 2  NO H 2 O + 2H + Species of Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus oxidize nitrite to nitrate NO /2 O 2  NO 3 -

Nitrogen oxidation Two genera working together can oxidize ammonia to nitrate NH O 2  NO 3 - Process referred to as nitrification

Nitrogen oxidation Proton motive force can be used to produce ATP and NADH

Sulfur oxidation Some microorganisms can use reduced sulfur compounds as a source of electrons Species of Thiobacillus oxidize sulfur-containing compounds to sulfuric acid (important environmental consequences)

Sulfur oxidation Can generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation Substrate level phosphorylation requires the formation of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate (APS)

Oxidation of inorganic molecules Much less energy is available from the oxidation of inorganic molecules than from the oxidation of organic molecules