Module 2 Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society PANM 402 Dr. Vanessa Littleton

Objectives Discuss public administration in American society Discuss public administration in American society Functions of government Functions of government The role of public administration in carrying out those functions The role of public administration in carrying out those functions The scope and environment of public administration The scope and environment of public administration

Public Administration Public Administration Policy Actors Policy Actors Policy Implementation Policy Implementation Governance Governance Regulations/Rules Regulations/Rules Public Policies Public Policies Key Terms

Every person in the United States is affected by some public administrative actions, all of the time. Every person in the United States is affected by some public administrative actions, all of the time. Whether as clients or customers, regulatees, or direct participants, public administration constantly touches our lives. Whether as clients or customers, regulatees, or direct participants, public administration constantly touches our lives. Let’s identify some of the ways in which public administration interacts with the public. Public Interaction with Public Administration

PA Jargon Policy actors are any individual or group that is directly or indirectly, formally or informally, affiliated with or affected by the policy process at any stage. They can include governments, businesses, NGOs, civil society organizations and communities as well as individuals. Policy actors are any individual or group that is directly or indirectly, formally or informally, affiliated with or affected by the policy process at any stage. They can include governments, businesses, NGOs, civil society organizations and communities as well as individuals. Governance refers to "all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through laws, norms, power or language.” Governance refers to "all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through laws, norms, power or language.” Policy implementation is the fourth phase of the policy cycle in which adopted policies are put into effect. Policy implementation is the fourth phase of the policy cycle in which adopted policies are put into effect. Rules or regulations local, state, and federal policies written and approved by governmental and administrative agencies to protect the various interests of the public and the communities we live in. Rules or regulations local, state, and federal policies written and approved by governmental and administrative agencies to protect the various interests of the public and the communities we live in.

Rules, Regulations, and Administrative Procedures

Laws A system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. A system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. Made by the legislative branch of governments Made by the legislative branch of governments May be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) and the rights encoded therein May be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) and the rights encoded therein Developed and voted upon by legislative bodies at the state or federal levels of government. Developed and voted upon by legislative bodies at the state or federal levels of government.

Regulations Local, state, and federal policies written and approved by governmental and administrative agencies to protect the various interests of the public and the communities we live in. Local, state, and federal policies written and approved by governmental and administrative agencies to protect the various interests of the public and the communities we live in. California Office of Administrative Law California Office of Administrative Law California Office of Administrative Law California Office of Administrative Law

Regulations Intended to facilitate the governmental process, level the playing field, and protect the rights of all Intended to facilitate the governmental process, level the playing field, and protect the rights of all Compromise between various stakeholders in the production and distribution of goods and services Compromise between various stakeholders in the production and distribution of goods and services The legislative bodies give federal and state agencies the authority and latitude to write the very detailed rules needed to accomplish the specific. The legislative bodies give federal and state agencies the authority and latitude to write the very detailed rules needed to accomplish the specific. Legislature sets the goals and the agencies derive the steps to obtain this goal. Legislature sets the goals and the agencies derive the steps to obtain this goal.

Some Weird Regulations Weird Regulations Weird Regulations Weird Regulations Weird Regulations 2014 New Regulations 2014 New Regulations 2014 New Regulations 2014 New Regulations

The Individual and The Administrative State Bureaucracy is at odds with society because it relies on “rationally organized action,” rather than “social action. Bureaucracy is at odds with society because it relies on “rationally organized action,” rather than “social action.

Bureaucracy vs. Society Precision. Precision. Stability. Stability. Discipline. Discipline. Reliability. Reliability. Calculability of results. Calculability of results. Formal rationality. Formal rationality. Formalistic impersonality. Formalistic impersonality. Formal equality of treatment. Formal equality of treatment. Justice. Freedom. Violence. Oppression. Happiness. Gratification. Poverty. Illness. Death. Victory. Love and hate. Salvation and damnation.

The Public’s Evaluation of Public Administration

Public Administrative Perspectives on the Public Traditional managerial approach. Traditional managerial approach. Maximization efficiency, effectiveness, and economy. Maximization efficiency, effectiveness, and economy. Result: depersonalization. Result: depersonalization.

Public Administrative Perspectives on the Public NPM approach. NPM approach. Public as customers. Public as customers. Surveys and benchmarking from private sector. Surveys and benchmarking from private sector. Downplays utility of traditional political channels. Downplays utility of traditional political channels. Clients may not have same preferences as whole public. Clients may not have same preferences as whole public. Political systems have barriers to majority preferences. Political systems have barriers to majority preferences. How do you identify which customers to satisfy? How do you identify which customers to satisfy? Identifying customers can be thorny issue. Identifying customers can be thorny issue.

Public Administrative Perspectives on the Public NPM (New Public Management) approach. NPM (New Public Management) approach. Contractors as partners in service and goods delivery. Contractors as partners in service and goods delivery. Shift regulations from rules to guiding principles. Shift regulations from rules to guiding principles. Out-sourcing. Out-sourcing.

Public Administrative Perspectives on the Public Political approach to the public. Political approach to the public. Emphasizes values of representation, responsiveness, and accountability. Emphasizes values of representation, responsiveness, and accountability. Premium on participation. Premium on participation. Lack of participation reduces responsiveness and representativeness. Lack of participation reduces responsiveness and representativeness. Nonparticipation reduces civic obligation. Nonparticipation reduces civic obligation. Nonparticipation produces ignorance. Nonparticipation produces ignorance. Nonparticipation increases alienation. Nonparticipation increases alienation. Participation promotes community. Participation promotes community. Participation promotes legitimacy. Participation promotes legitimacy.

Accountability A cornerstone of good governance A cornerstone of good governance Accountability ensures actions and decisions taken by public officials are subject to oversight so as to guarantee that government initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to the needs of the community they are meant to be benefiting, thereby contributing to better governance and poverty reduction. Accountability ensures actions and decisions taken by public officials are subject to oversight so as to guarantee that government initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to the needs of the community they are meant to be benefiting, thereby contributing to better governance and poverty reduction.

Politics & Administration A Dichotomy Politics & Administration

Case Study What in the world happened in Flint, MI? What in the world happened in Flint, MI? Flint, MI Flint, MI Flint, MI Flint, MI

A Look Ahead Woodrow Wilson, The Study of Administration Woodrow Wilson, The Study of Administration The Fading Legacy of Woodrow Wilson The Fading Legacy of Woodrow Wilson Next week, Organizational Theory & Management Next week, Organizational Theory & Management Read Chapter 2 Read Chapter 2 Assignment due on Friday Assignment due on Friday