Mind Map of the text John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” Paragraph 1: Introduction of John Snow and Cholera Find a problem: What causes the cholera? Paragraph 2: Two theories Make a question: Which theory is right? Paragraph 3-5: Study of the breakout in 1854

Paragraph 3: Study of the breakout in 1854 Think of a method: Collect data on those who fell ill or died and where they lived. Paragraph 4: Study of the outbreak in 1854 Collect results: Mark information on a map to find out where people died or didn’t die. Paragraph 5: Study of the breakout in 1854 Analyse the results: Find out where they got their water. Analyse the water to see if it is the cause of the deaths.

Paragraph 6: Find supporting evidence: Find other evidence to support the analysis. Paragraph 7: Make a conclusion: It was certain that polluted water carried the diseases. The source of all drinking water should be examined to make sure it is safe. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated by John Snow.

Task 1:Skim and Scan Who defeated “King Cholera”? What happened in 1854? How many people died in 10 days? Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street? John Snow Cholera outbreak hit London. 500 These families had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.

Task 2: Read and answer 1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first? 2 Which theory did John Snow believe in? 3 John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________. A. gathering information with the help of a map B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street C. Separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t D. Both A and B 4 To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?

1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first? 2 Which theory did John Snow believe in? Neither its cause, not its cure was understood. People absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.

3 John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________. A. gathering information with the help of a map B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street C. separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t D. both A and B

4 To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do? Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined. Suggested that new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. Instructed the water companies not to expose people to the polluted water anymore.

Scientific Report by John Snow The problem The cause Idea 1: Idea 2: The method Nobody knew the cause of the serious disease of cholera a strange cloud of gas found its victims people absorbed the disease with meals Collect information from the cholera outbreak to prove which theory was correct

The results Idea 1 or 2? Why? The conclusion He found the cause of cholera was the polluted water Idea 2. Because the information showed that the dirty water carried cholera He defeated cholera by examining the water supply and dealing with the polluted water

1. John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water. 2. No. The map helped John Snow organise his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause. 3. Three diseases, which are similar today, are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because they are serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.

约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生---他的医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生。 John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. 2. 但是当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。 3. 霍乱在当时是很致命的疾病。 4. 每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。 5. 约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。 6. 他知道在找到病源以前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。

7. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. 8. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. 9. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. 10. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. 11. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. 12. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street . 7. 像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。 8. 第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入人体的。 9. 斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但是他需要证据。 10. 因此，在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱的时候，约翰斯诺着手准备对此进行研究。 11. 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。 12. 这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近。

13. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. 14. It seemed that the water was to blame. 15. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 16. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. 17.   In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. 13. 他以前没有预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。 14. 看来水是罪魁祸首。 15. 接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。 16. 不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了，霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。 17. 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。

18. 有了这个特别的证据， 约翰斯诺就能够肯定的宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。 18. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. 19. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 20. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. 19.为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。 20. 自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。

Pay attention to the following sentences: But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.

6. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. 7. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 8. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. 9. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.