Life on Earth: Vertebrate Animals

2 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes Class Chondrichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia

3 Osteichthyes Bony fish: trout, flounder, goldfish Feeding: herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders Respiration: gills, some modified swim bladders Internal Transport: closed circulatory system, 2-chambered heart

4 Excretion: kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes, ammonia diffuses through gills, solid wastes – anus Response: brain and nervous system, biolumenescence, electricity possible Movement: swim, some “walk” on fins Reproduction: sexual, oviparous (lay eggs), external fertilization, live-bearing, some internal fertilization

Walking Catfish 5

6 Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays and skates Same as other fish EXCEPT: Skeleton is made of cartilage whereas Osteichthyes have skeletons of bone

7 Amphibians Examples: frogs, toads, salamanders Feeding: young are filter feeding herbivores, adults are carnivores Respiration: young have gills. Adults have lungs, some diffusion through skin Internal Transport: closed, double-loop system, 3-chambered heart

8 Excretion: Kidneys produce urine; intestines produce solid wastes, both excreted via the cloaca Response: brain and nervous system, ectotherms ( cold-blooded) Movement: swim, hop, crawl Reproduction: sexual, external or internal fertilization

9 Reptiles Examples: snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators, crocodiles Feeding: herbivores or carnivores Respiration: lungs Internal transport: closed, double loop system, 3 or 4 chambered heart

10 Excretion: kidneys may produce uric acid which along with solids, are eliminated through a cloaca Response: well-developed brain and nervous system, heat-sensitive, ectotherms Movement: stronger limbs and muscles, situated directly under the body; walking, swimming, burrowing, climbing

11 Reproduction: sexual, usually internal fertilization, lay eggs or bear live young Major evolutionary development: the amniote egg

12 Aves Examples: hawks, sparrows, penguins, ducks Feeding: herbivores, carnivores or omnivores Respiration: lungs plus air sacs in body cavity and bones Internal Transport: closed double loop system, 4-chambered heart

13 Excretion: Kidneys produce uric acid Response: Brain, good senses, magnetic senses for migration, endotherms (warm-blooded) Movement: fly, swim, walk Reproduction: sexual, internal fertilization, lay eggs

14 Mammals Examples: apes, humans, kangaroos Feeding: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores Respiration: lungs Internal Transport: closed, double-loop, 4 chambered heart

15 Excretion: Kidneys most well- developed, produce urine Response: most highly developed brain and nervous system, 3 part brain Movement: walk, swim, fly Reproduction: sexual, internal fertilization, egg-laying, live bearing

16 Mammal orders: Monotremes: duckbill platypus Marsupials: kangaroo, opossum Insectivora: anteaters Chiroptera: bats Rodentia: rats, mice Lagomorpha: rabbits Carnivora: lions, dogs Cetacea: whales and dolphins Primates: apes and man

17 Hominid Evolution Hominid: human-like creatures, omnivores, bipedal, opposable thumb, larger brain capacity Several theories of evolution “Missing link” still missing Earliest hominid: Ardipithecus ramidus 4.5 million years old

18 Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy” 3.5 million years old A. africanis A. bosei and A. robustus (extinct lines) Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapien About 500, 000 years ago

19 Homo sapien subspecies: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis “Neanderthals” Homo sapiens sapiens Modern humans About 100, 000 years ago May have begun as “Cro-Magnons”

20 Classification of Man Kingdom - Animalia Phylum – Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Subspecies: sapiens

21 Animal Behavior “The behavior of an animal is just as important to its survival and reproduction as any of its physical characteristics. For that reason, animal behaviors have evolved in many different ways, just as animal physical characteristics have.” (Miller and Levine,p. 771)

22 Instincts “built-in” behaviors which cannot be changed during the animal’s lifetime. Are genetically determined Examples: suckling behavior of infants, web-building behavior in spiders

23 Learning The way animals change their behavior as a result of experience. Helps an animal survive and reproduce

24 Ways of learning: Habituation – a decrease in response to a stimulus. Ex: an alarm clock Classical Conditioning – when an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and a good or bad event. Ex: Pavlov’s dogs Operant Conditioning – trial and error learning. Ex: learning to play a sport or a musical instrument.

25 Insight Learning – an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation. Ex: Knowing how to multiply can be used in math class, other classes and other situations.

26 Imprinting A learned behavior based on some instinctive behavior. Ex: Geese think their adult keeper is their “mother” and follow that person.

27 Communication signals Visual – mating behaviors Sound – bird calls Chemical - pheromones Electrical – some fish Language