Struggles in Southern Africa Page Chapter 23 Section 4

Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule Age of Imperialism 1890’s Cecil Rhodes took control of Southern Rhodesa Whites made up 5% of population owned half the land and controlled the government Nationalism swept through the 1960’s Rhodesians rejected any move to give up power to the black majority. Conservative whites led by Ian Smith declared Independence in 1965.

Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule {Armed Struggle} Nationalist waged guerilla war achieving majority rule. Robert Mugabe and Josh Nkomo were their leaders. There was a lot of suffering. Guerrilla win more successes and whites fled 1980 Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule {Rebuilding} International sanctions damaged the economy Mugabe won power over Nkomo and was elected president 2000’s encouraged violent seizure and white owned farms. Massive food shortages and growing international pressure against the autocratic leader.

South Africa's Long Struggle 1910 South Africa won self rule from Britain. Freedom was limited to white settlers. Whites made up less than 20% of population.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Afrikaner Nationalism} After WWII thousands of blacks moved to towns and cities. Demands for equality came from Africa Afrikaner National Party won majority in the “Whites-only” parliament. Under apartheid South Africans were registered by race. Designed to give whites control over South Africa.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Apartheid in Action} Non-whites had restrictions Blacks had to have permission to: Travel Move Eat in specific restaurants Go to Beaches Go to Schools & other public place's Low wages and less schooling was given to blacks.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Black Resistance} Black South Africans Protested apartheid ANC was created, African National Congress opposed white domination. 1950’s boycott’s, marches, and strikes were held. 1960’s policed gunned down 69 men women and children taking part in a peaceful demonstration. Because of this the ANC was outlawed. ANC activists shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle. Nelson Mandela went underground.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Mandela’s Struggle} Mandela a young lawyer helped organize the ANC youth league. Mandela joined ANC militants who called for arm struggle against white minority government. Early 1960’s Mandela was arrested, tried, and condemned to life in prison for conspiracy. After 27 years in prison often in isolation he remained popular leader and symbol against the struggle vs partheid. Many wanted him to be released black Angelican bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition toward the apartheid.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Toward Reform} 1985 protests and growing violence forced government to imposed a state of emergency. Government was questioned 1989 F.W de Klerk boldly accepted the need for reform He lifted the ban on the ANC He freed Mandela The negotiated reforms.

South Africa's Long Struggle {Majority Rule} 1994 South Africa held the 1 st Multicultural election. All races and ages voted, Nelson Mandela was elected president of the New Democratic South Africa. His speech after his win resembled Martin Luther King Jr. “We can Loudly proclaim from the rooftops: free at last!”

The New South Africa Mandela welcomed former political enemies into his government. Mandela promised better treatment for the black majority. Though it was difficult Mandela worked through it South Africa was was a rich country with a strong industrial base, but could only afford so much. Gap between whites and blacks was large. Whites owned ¾ the land & blacks had high unemployment rates. Mandela brought peace, prestige and democratic to his country Thabo Mbeki was elected to presidency. Mbeki faced crime, poverty, AIDS

Other Nations of Southern Africa {Namibia} 1920 South Africa received German Southwest Africa as a mandate from the League of Nations After WWII South Africa was asked to prepare territory for independence. South Africa backed oppressive regime run by the white minority. 1960’s Southwest African People Organization turned to armed struggle to win independence. Cold War, Soviet Union, and Cuba landed support from SWAPO Namibia celebrated independence.

Other Nations of Southern Africa {Portuguese Colonies} Britain and France met national demands in African possessions. Portugal clung Angola & Mozambique. 1960’s Antonio Salazar rejected African demands for freedom 1974 Army coup in Portugal toppled dictatorship of Salazar’s successors. New Portuguese Government agreed to withdraw from Southern Africa.

Other Nations of Southern Africa {Wars Continue} South Africa aided rebel groups to get power nearly a million people died due to wars famines, & economic collapse. The economy improved Angola a civil war continued for many years. 50,00 Cuban Troops went to fight in Angola. Even after the cold war the civil war continued the death of one rival leader in 2002 increased a new peace initiative ending the struggle.

Outlook and Gains {Education and Health Care} Governments set up more school and enrollment rates increased. Women were hardly educated when they were it was only elementary level. They were still needed to help with housework and chores. African Nations tried to improve health care. Population growth had profound effects on standards of living.

Outlook and Gains {Economic Opportunity} Africa has enormous potential growth. 1990’s nations learned from failed policies of the past. Free market reform countries like Ghana enjoyed economic growth. Mining and manufacturing were expanded. Along with communication & transportation networks.

Outlook and Gains {Cultural Influence} Literature, film, & arts Africans contributed to global culture. African writers reached others in many languages, Africans and African Diaspora a.k.a African descended citizens from other lands shaped the culture of the century. Musical forms such as Jazz, blues, reggae, samba.

REVIEW!! Robert Mugabe leader of Guerrilla war. Joshua Nkomo leader of Guerilla war. African National Congress- opposed white domination. Nelson Mandela-enemy of government thrown in jail for many years for his beliefs. F.W. de Klerk- lifted the ban on the ANC, he freed Mandela, negotiated reforms. Southwest African People’s Organization-helped in the fight in the cold war I the struggle to gain independence.