Human Anatomy & Physiology Nov/Dec 2015

Be able to identify the major anatomical structures found in a long bone Text: p. 132

 Diaphysis  The shaft of the bone (#9)  Hollow tube  Very strong  But light enough to allow for easy movement

 Medullary Cavity  Hollow area in the shaft of the long bone  Contains soft yellow bone marrow  Soft, inactive, fatty form of marrow

 Epiphysis  Ends of the long bone (#8)  Contains spongy bone (small spaces)  Spaces filled with red bone marrow

 Articular Cartilage  Thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis  Functions like a small rubber cushion over the ends of the bone where they form a joint

 Periosteum  Strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone (except at joint surfaces)  (#6)

 Endosteum  Fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity

 Be able to discuss the microscopic structure of a bone and cartilage.  Text: p

 Skeletal system has two types of connective tissue:  Bone  cartilage

 Bone has different appearance and texture  Compact bone  Outer layer  Hard and dense  Porous bone  Also called “spongy bone”  End of long bones  Spaces may be filled with bone marrow  Trabeculae – needle-like threads that surround these spaces

 Osteons  In compact bone  Contains blood vessel and surrounded by layers of concentric rings called concentric lamella  Osteocytes – bone cells  Lacunae - cells that lie within the hard layers of the rings  Canaliculi- tiny passageway between lacunae and central (Haversian) canal  Allow nutrients from blood to reach osteocytes

 Cartilage  Numerous collagenous fibers embedded in a gel – allows for flexibility  Chondrocytes – cartilage cells  No blood vessels – heals very slowly if injured  Locations in body:  Outer ear  End of ribs  End of nose

 Be able to explain how bones are formed, how they grow, and how they are remodeled  Text: p

 Be able to identify the two major subdivisions of the skeleton and list the bones found in each  Text: p

 Be able to list and compare the types of joints in the body and give an example of each  Text: p

 Be able to name and describe major disorders of bones and joints  Text: p