Nucleotides and Protein Synthesis Lesson 3

Nucleotide Long chains of compounds that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids Complex organic acids that form nucleotide chains Make up DNA and RNA

deoxyribose A five carbon sugar found in DNA

Nitrogen-containing base DNA base that is made of one or two rings of nitrogen and carbon

thymine A component of nucleic acid that pairs with adenine in DNA

adenine One of the bases that make up the genetic code of DNA and RNA

guanine One of the bases that make up the genetic code of DNA and RNA

cytosine One of the bases that make up the genetic code of DNA and RNA

Double helix The twisted, ladderlike shape of two DNA strands wrapped around each other

chromosomes Bundles of coiled DNA inside the nucleus

ribose A five-carbon sugar found in RNA nucleotides  Similar to DNA

uracil A nitrogen base found in RNA nucleotides

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RNA that is a fundamental element of the structure of ribosomes

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Type of RNA involved in protein synthesis

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Type of RNA involved in protein synthesis

Structure of DNA and RNA 4 major organic molecules: – carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic acids 2 major types: – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA and RNA – Contain the code of life because they contain instructions for the manufacturing of proteins Important structural components Form enzymes that direct almost every chemical reaction in your body Shape every detail of your body – from color of your eyes to how many fingers and toes you have Function of a protein depends on the precise order of amino acids – Nucleic acids provide the instructions for assembling the amino acids into proteins

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA and RNA – Found in cells of all living things Mitochondria, chloroplasts and the nucleus contain DNA Cytoplasm and the nucleus contain RNA – Both DNA and RNA are made of long chains of units called nucleotides

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA – Nucleotides of DNA have three parts: Phosphate group A five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose Nitrogen-containing base

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA – Four types of nucleotides in DNA and each has a different base: Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA – Each DNA molecule is made of two long chains containing millions of nucleotides – The DNA code is determined by the order of T, A, G, and C in the chain – The two DNA strands wrap around each other to form a double helix

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA: In the double helix : – Nitrogen bases in the first strand pair up and form weak bonds with the nitrogen bases in the second strand – The pairing is very orderly: A always pairs with T C always pairs with G The pairings are critical for the replication of DNA and synthesis of proteins

Structure of DNA and RNA DNA – Inside the nucleus, DNA is coiled into chromosomes – Each type of organism has a different number of chromosomes in each cell Humans have 23 chromosomes

Structure of DNA and RNA RNA – Also made of long strings of nucleotides like DNA – Nucleotides are different than in DNA Contain five-carbon sugar called ribose Nitrogen bases: – Adenine (A) – Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C) – Uracil (U) – RNA molecules are composed of only a single strand of nucleotides (DO NOT MAKE A DOUBLE HELIX!) Can pair up with DNA though and U will pair up with A

Structure of DNA and RNA RNA – Three types of RNA: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): – Found in the nucleolus and ribosomes – Helps make ribosomes Messenger RNA (mRNA): – Involved in protein synthesis Transfer RNA (tRNA): – Involved in protein synthesis

Structure of DNA and RNA True or False 1.DNA is double stranded, and RNA is single stranded 2.In DNA, A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G. 3.DNA and RNA have the same type of five- carbon sugar. 4.Nucleic acids are found only in cytoplasm.

Cells a)proteins b)nucleus c)nucleoli d)mitochondria e)vacuoles f)energy g)chloroplasts h)glucose 1.The ____, _____, and _____ are surrounded by membranes. 2.Ribosomes are manufactured in the _____. 3.The Golgi complex modifies ____for export. 4.Plant cells contain large, membrane-bound storage sacs called _____. 5.Mitochondria break down _____ to create ______.

Cells Making and Using Energy – Cells need energy for many reasons: To survive and function To make large molecules like proteins To break down other molecules For active transport To move – Cells get energy by breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide through a long, complex series of reactions that release a little bit of energy at a time

Cells Making and Using Energy – Cells produce a molecule called adenosine triphosphate or ATP The most important piece is the string of 3 phosphate molecules – A phosphate = a phosphorous atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms The bonds between these phosphates are unstable and they break which makes a lot of energy

Cells Making and Using Energy – Respiration: mitochondria break down glucose – Photosynthesis: how plants get their energy directly from the sun 2 Phases of Photosynthesis: 1.Light phase: driven by the energy from the sun » Chlorophyll – green pigment in the chloroplasts – absorbs the sunlight Energy from the sun is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and electrons Electrons from water trigger the creation of ATP and NADPH

Cells 2.Dark Phase: does not require light but does not have to happen in the dark » ATP and NADPH that was created during the light phase are broken down to fuel the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide

Cells a)light phase b)NADPH c)mitochondria d)ATP e)carbon dioxide f)chlorophyll 1.During respiration, the ____ break down glucose to make energy. 2. _____ and _____ are energy-rich molecules created during the light phase of photosynthesis. 3.Green pigment in chloroplasts called ______ absorbs sunlight.. 4.Oxygen is produced during the _______ of photosynthesis. 5.During the dark phase, _____ is converted into glucose.