Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion ( ) Section 1 Economic Growth

A.A B.B C.C Section 1-Polling QuestionSection 1-Polling Question Which type of job appeals to you the most? A.Factory work B.Farm work C.Office work

Essential QuestionEssential Question W h a t e f f e c t s d i d t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n h a v e o n t h e U. S. e c o n o m y ?

How Things Are Made During Colonial times, most people lived and worked on farms Workers were in short supply outside the home To make up for lack of workers, Americans developed tools that made their jobs easier and more efficient At home, people made clothes, furniture, farm equipment, and household items By the mid-1700s, the way things were made began to change

Changes To How Things Are Made First happened in Great Britain British inventors created machinery to perform some of the work involved in cloth making Ran by water power Textile (cloth) factories were built by fast moving rivers People left the farms and moved in order to make money This is known as the Industrial Revolution- Hand made to machine made products

Industrial Revolution in New England New England was the first to have the Industrial Revolution in America contributedThe regions geography contributed to the development of the Industrial Revolution 1. Farming was difficult in New England (Poor soil, short growing season) 2. New England had rivers and streams for waterpower 3. New England was close to resources (coal and iron deposits) 4. Had many ports

New Technology During the Industrial Revolution, new inventions were introduced The spinning jenny, the water frame, and the power loom allowed many steps in making cloth to be done by machines These machines saved time and money cotton gin-Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin- removed seeds from cotton Before the cotton gin- A person can clean only one pound of cotton in a day After the cotton gin- A person could clean 50 pounds a day

Advances in Production In 1798 Eli Whitney was to make 10,000 guns in two years Before Whitney, each gun was made by hand, so each gun would be different If a piece broke, its replacement part would have to be custom made By 1800, Whitney had not delivered the guns He was called to Washington to explain the delay Whitney arrived with a box full of different parts- barrels, triggers, and so on Whitney took one part from each pile and assembled a gun in seconds Made machines that could make parts that were exactly alike Used standardization- using interchangeable parts Made items faster and less expensive Repairs were easier Could now produce hundreds of guns in the time it took a gunsmith to make one

Patents and Factories patent1790- Congress passed a patent law to protect the rights of inventors The British tried to keep the information secret, but a few British workers brought the knowledge to the United States Samuel Slater memorized the design and made a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Slater’s Mill started the Industrial Revolution in the United States Francis Cabot Lowell improved the Slater’s process All stages of cloth making were performed under one roof factory system-Lowell began the factory system- All steps in one place to increase efficiency

Free Enterprise Industrial growth requires competition to flourish with little government interference CapitalismCapitalism is the economic system of the United States capitalIndividuals put their capital into a business hoping to make more money Free enterpriseFree enterprise also describes our economy People may produce, sell, and work where they want elementsThe major elements of free enterprise are competition, profits, private property, and economic freedom

Agriculture Expands Even with the Industrial Revolution, most Americans still lived and worked on farms In the Northeast, farmers marketed their produce locally In the South, cotton production rose dramatically Slavery rose dramatically as well Between 1790 and Cotton production soared from 3,000 bales to more than 300,000 bales per year Farmers moved to the West to plant cotton Western farmers north of the Ohio River concentrated on raising pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1Section 1 Which of the following was a result of the invention of the cotton gin? A.It encouraged farmers in the Northeast to begin planting cotton. B.It led to a dramatic increase in Southern cotton production. C.It had no impact on the demand for cotton. D.It encouraged many plantation owners to free their enslaved workers.

Section 1Section 1 In which area of the country was cotton the major crop? A.The North B.The South C.The West A.A B.B C.C

Corporations Develop Corporations- Large businesses Developed rapidly in the 1830s when legal obstacles to their formation were removed Corporations made it easier to sell stock They could now finance improvement and development

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1Section 1 How were corporations financed? A.They received money from the federal government. B.One wealthy individual provided all of the money. C.Shares of ownership called stock were sold. D.Taxes collected from citizens funded the corporations.

Cities Come of Age Factories led to the growth of towns and cities Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore grew as centers of commerce and trade The economy grew in these cities Cities like Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville profited from their locations on major rivers These cities didn’t have sewers, so diseases spread Yellow fever killed thousands in Philadelphia Fires spread easily because of wood buildings Libraries, museums, and shops developed in cities

Essential QuestionEssential Question W h a t e f f e c t s d i d t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n h a v e o n t h e U. S. e c o n o m y ? –1. The shift from home based economy to the factory system–1. The shift from home based economy to the factory system –2. The importance of capitalism and free enterprise and the development of corporations–2. The importance of capitalism and free enterprise and the development of corporations –3. The growth of industry and cities–3. The growth of industry and cities –4. The invention of machinery that allowed goods to be mass-produced–4. The invention of machinery that allowed goods to be mass-produced 1. The shift from home based economy to the factory system 2. The importance of capitalism and free enterprise and the development of corporations 3. The growth of industry and cities 4. The invention of machinery that allowed goods to be mass-produced

Chapter 10 Section 1 Quiz

The use of interchangeable parts, first introduced by Eli Whitney, increased the price of products. 1.True 2.False

The development of textile mills in New England reduced the demand for cotton. 1.True 2.False

The changes in the way goods were made in the mid-1700s first appeared in 1.France 2.Britain 3.Spain 4.United States

America's Industrial Revolution began to take root in 1.New England 2.The West 3.Middle Atlantic 4.The South

Who invented the cotton gin? 1.Samuel Slater 2.Amanda Hugenkiz 3.Eli Whitney 4.Francis Cabot Lowell

Section 2-Polling QuestionSection 2-Polling Question What is your favorite way to travel? A.By car B.By boat C.By plane A.A B.B C.C

Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion ( ) Section 2 Westward Bound

Essential QuestionEssential Question H o w d i d l a n d a n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a f f e c t w e s t w a r d e x p a n s i o n How did land and water transportation affect westward expansion?

Moving West censusThe first census in the US took place in 1790 revealedIt revealed a population of almost 4 million Most lived a few hundred miles from the Atlantic coast Within a few decades this changed settlers moved farther west 1820 census- population of about 10 million people (2 million west of the Appalachians) The trip west was not easy, the trip from New York City to Buffalo could take as long as 3 weeks

Roads and Turnpikes The nation needed good roads for trade turnpikesPrivate companies built turnpikes (toll roads) Most roads had a crushed stone base The land was muddy in some areas, so companies built “corduroy roads” Ohio asked the federal government to create a road to connect it with the east Congress approved funds for a national road Went from Baltimore, MD to Vandalia, Illinois (Through Columbus, Ohio)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2Section 2 What territory became a state in 1803? A.Indiana B.Louisiana C.Michigan D.Ohio

River Travel Had advantages over travel by wagon and horse More comfortable Boats could carry more River travel had two problems region1. Most major rivers in the region flowed in a north-south direction 2. Traveling upstream by barge against the current was extremely difficult and slow

Steam Engines Were used in the 1780s and 1790s to power boats in quiet waters Early boats could not go against currents Robert FultonRobert Fulton developed a powerful steamboat to carry cargo and passengers up the Hudson River Fulton’s steamboat, the Clermont, made the 150 mile trip from New York City to Albany In 32 hours With sails it would have taken 4 days

Steamboats Started a new age in river travel Shipping goods became cheaper and faster Regular steamboat service started along the Mississippi River Steamboats contributed to the growth of river cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis By 1850 there were some 700 steamboats carrying cargo and passengers in the US

Canals Steamboat routes depended on existing rivers Steamboats could not tie together the eastern and western parts of the country De Witt ClintonDe Witt Clinton developed a plan to link New York City with the Great Lakes region canalThe plan was to built a canal across New York state Would connect Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2Section 2 Why was the Erie Canal necessary? A.The French and Spanish prevented travel on the Mississippi River. B.Steamboats were unable to travel upstream to northern cities. C.Most major rivers in the eastern United States flowed north to south. D.Native Americans prevented travel on the National Road.

Building the Erie Canal Thousands of laborers (Many Irish immigrants) worked on the construction of the 363 mile Erie Canal locksA series of locks were built Could raise and lower boats at places canal levels changed Many dangers were involved in building the canals After more than two years, the Erie Canal open on October 26, 1825 Clinton boarded a barge in Buffalo and traveled to Albany Then down the Hudson to New York City

Improving Canal Travel Steamboats could not travel on the Erie Canal in the early years The powerful engines could damage the earthen embankments Instead, teams of mules or horses hauled the boats and barges This was still faster than wagon 1840s- The canal banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats that could pull the barges More canals were then built By there were more than 3,600 miles of canals Canals lowered the cost of shipping and linked the regions of the growing country

Western Settlement Between 1816 and 1821, 5 new western states were created Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri There was a rapid growth of population west of the Appalachian Mountains Families settled in communities near rivers Families gathered together for social events Men wrestled, women quilted Families gathered for cornhusking American population continued to spread westward

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2Section 2 Why did pioneer families tend to setting in communities along major rivers? A.To gain greater protection from Native Americans B.To make it easier for them to travel east C.Because they provided fresh drinking water D.So that they could more easily ship their crops to market

Essential QuestionEssential Question H o w d i d l a n d a n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a f f e c t w e s t w a r d e x p a n s i o n 1. B e t t e r r o a d s a l l o w e d e a s i e r t r a v e l a n d c h e a p e r s h i p p i n g 2. S t e a m b o a t s b r o u g h t c h e a p e r a n d f a s t e r s h i p p i n g a n d s p u r r e d t h e g r o w t h o f r i v e r c i t i e s 3. T h e E r i e C a n a l a n d o t h e r c a n a l s m a d e s h i p p i n g c h e a p e r, e n c o u r a g e d t h e g r o w t h o f t o w n s, a n d u n i t e d t h e c o u n t r y How did land and water transportation affect westward expansion? 1. Better roads allowed easier travel and cheaper shipping 2. Steamboats brought cheaper and faster shipping and spurred the growth of river cities 3. The Erie Canal and other canals made shipping cheaper, encouraged the growth of towns, and united the country

Westward travelers paid tolls to private companies in order to use sections of roads that had been laid with crushed stone or logs. 1.True 2.False

Though steamboats made the shipping of goods cheaper and faster, they also caused a loss of business to river cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis. 1.True 2.False

Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods, united the growing country across great distances, and brought prosperity to towns along their routes. 1.True 2.False

The National Road went as far west as 1.Mansfield, Ohio 2.Cincinnati, Ohio 3.Vandalia, Illinois 4.Indianapolis, Indiana

Pioneer families tended to settle in communities 1.Far from others 2.Near the sea 3.Along the rivers 4.On railroads