Grammar Sense 3 Chapter 6 The Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous

Review: Identify the tenses. 1. I live in Bakersfield.  Simple present 2. I’m living in Bakersfield.  Present continuous 3. I have lived in Bakersfield for 3 years.  Present perfect Past participle of “live” Present tense (have / has)

Change to PAST perfect. 1. I have lived in Bakersfield for 3 years. 2. I had lived in Bakersfield before I moved to Ventura. Ingredients for… Present Perfect  have/has + verb past participle Past Perfect  had + verb past participle

Change to PAST Perfect Continuous. 1. I have been studying for the last 3 hours. 2. I had been studying by the time she came over. Ingredients for… Ingredients for… Present Perfect Continuous  have/has + been + verb gerund (-ing) Past Perfect Continuous  had + been + verb gerund (-ing)

Present perfect She has taught at BC for 10 years. (Tense?) She has taught at BC for 10 years. (Tense?) Q: When did she start teaching at BC? 10 years ago. Q: Does she still teach at BC now? Yes, she does. 10 years ago now

Past perfect She had taught at BC for 10 years before moving to Los Angeles in (Tense?) She had taught at BC for 10 years before moving to Los Angeles in (Tense?) Q: When did she start teaching at BC? 10 years before moving to LA. / From 1990 to Q: Does she still teach at BC now? No, she doesn’t now

Present Perfect & Past Perfect Present perfect Present perfect Talks about the past event & the present situation (past & now) Past perfect Past perfect Talks about TWO (2) past events Past Perfect Present Perfect Now

Write with the Past Perfect. (Event 1) The thief broke into my house and stole $5,000. (Event 2) When I realized that, I called the police.  The thief escape before I call the police. had escaped called

(Event 1) I was freaking out, but I finally calmed down. (Event 2) Then, the police came.  I calm down by the time had calmed down the police came.

(Event 1) The thief went upstairs and stayed there. (Event 2) Right then, I came home.  The thief was there when … had been I came home.

(Event 1) I didn’t notice that he was there. (Event 2) I heard the footsteps and then I realized that he was upstairs.  I not notice until I … hadn’t noticedheard the footsteps.

Compare. 1a. The thief had escaped before I called the police. 1b. The thief escaped before I called the police. 2a. After I had called the police, I realized that he stole my flat screen TV, too. 2b. After I called the police, I realized that he stole my flat screen TV, too.

Expressions used with Past Perfect. Just like Present Perfect, you can use: already, yet, still, ever, never, for, since, and just You can also use “by + a time.” 1. By lunch time, we had already discussed the new budget. 2. “Had she ever eaten a hot dog before she came to the US?”