French occupation of Egypt Reign of Mehmet Ali Construction of Suez Canal 1882 Egyptian army seizes control of government. British intervene and take control of state Reign of ‘Abbas Hilmi II

Muhammad Tawfiq (r )

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905) Lord Cromer Mustafa Kamil (d. 1908)

1906 Dinshaway incident 1913 New legislative assembly set up in Egypt. Abduh’s Umma (Nation) party takes majority World War I

1918 Saad Zaghlul (d. 1927) demands permission to take his Wafd (delegation) to London to discuss independence - refused 1919 Deportation of Zaghlul and co. leads to Egyptian riots. British allow Zaghlul and co. to attend Paris Peace Conference, but they are ignored 1922 British grant Egypt independence

1923 Constitution set up. Former Ottoman governor Fuad I becomes king. Parliament headed by Zaghlul and Wafd 1924 British head of Egyptian army killed. Zaghlul resigns

1930 Ismail Sidqi becomes Prime Minister. Sets up new constitution to bar Wafdists from power and give self effective dictatorship 1933 King dismisses Sidqi 1935 Constitution of 1923 re-issued in face of popular pressure 1936 Wafd sweeps elections. Treaty made with British

1928 Hasan al-Banna (d. 1949) sets up Muslim Brotherhood First Arab-Israeli War 1948 Egyptian Prime Minister assassinated by Muslim Brother 1949 Hasan al-Banna killed. Government does not investigate

1952 King Faruq (r ), responding to anti-British riots, dismisses Prime Minister, declares martial law. Is then deposed and exiled by army coup

1953 Republic declared 1954 Muslim Brotherhood banned 1956 Constitution set up. Jamal ‘Abd al-Nasir (Nasser, d. 1970) soon replaces Muhammad Najib as President

1952 Egyptian-Sudanese agreement 1953 British-Egyptian agreement on Sudan 1954 British agree to withdraw troops by 1956

1970 Death of Nasser, succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat (d. 1981) 1979 Sadat makes peace with Israel Oct 6th 1981 Sadat assassinated by Islamist extremist

1981 Husni Mubarak suppresses Islamist extremists, but subsequently allows other political parties in parliament, though his National Democratic Party holds majority 1990s Mubarak severely represses Islamist extremists in response to attacks, to point that they flee Egypt

2000s Americans pressure Mubarak to make Egypt more democratic. Leads to… Manipulation of elections, outlawing of religious parties, repression of opponents, ongoing use of emergency laws Impact of economic mismanagement Jan 2011 Protests in Egypt. Mubarak steps aside on February 11th. Phased elections bring Muslim Brotherhood to power in parliament. President still to be elected