Chapter 9 Sect 3

 These Germanic people from Northern Europe had invaded England early in the 5 th c.

 On October 14, 1066, an army of knights under William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and defeated the last of the Anglo-Saxon kings at the Battle of Hastings

 William was then crowned king of England  William made all nobles swear an oath of loyalty to him as sole ruler of England

The Norman ruling class spoke French, but the marriage of the Normans with the Anglo-Saxons nobility gradually merged the two into a new English culture

 The power of the English monarchy was enlarged during the reign of Henry II, from  By expanding the power of the royal courts, Henry expanded the king’s power

 A body of common law – law that was common to the whole kingdom- began to replace law codes that varied from place to place

 Many English nobles resented the ongoing growth of the king’s power and rose in rebellion during the reign of King John

 In 1215, John was forced to put his seal on a document of rights called the Magna Carta, or the “ Great Charter”

 Feudal custom always recognized that the relationship between Kings and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations

 The Magna Carta gave written recognition to that fact and was used in later years to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, NOT absolute

 During the reign of Edward I, (13 th c) a representative government known as the English Parliament emerged

 The Parliament was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England.

 Eventually, the nobles and church lords formed the House of Lords ; knights and townspeople, the House of Commons  These Parliaments granted taxes and passed laws

Chapter 9 Sect 4

Leader of the Eastern Roman Empire All centered around Constantinople He restored the land of the entire Roman Empire Most important contributions was his codification of Roman Law

After re-establishing the Roman Empire, he left the Eastern Roman with serious problems 1.Too much land to protect 2.Empty treasury 3.Decline in population 4.Most serious was the Islamic World

Islamic forces defeated an army at Yarmuk and took over Syria and Palestine. These lands were transformed into Islamic territory and many Christians converted

“The Crusades” – A religious movement Reason: Regain the Holy Land from the Muslims