Essential Question Essential Question: –How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? Warm-Up Question: Warm-Up Question: –Find as many comparisons as possible between each grouping: –John Adams & John Quincy Adams –James Madison & Martin Van Buren –George Washington & James Monroe –Thomas Jefferson & Andrew Jackson Take notes on the Harrison video Take notes on the Harrison video

American Antebellum Changes In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: – Improved transportation – Rapid technological innovation national – A growing national economy – Mass European immigration – Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)

A Revolution in Transportation

Primitive Transportation 1789: water was slow, uncertain and dangerous Transportation by stagecoaches and wagons were equally rough and dangerous Transportation that was cheap and efficient was needed for transporting raw material

A Revolution in Transportation American System In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” National Road –The National Road became the 1 st federal transportation project (Maryland to Illinois) –Construction was halted by the War of 1812 and protests from states’ righters against using federal $ for local projects –Also, building roads were very expensive –Many eastern states complained because their population was dwindling due to the possibility of moving West

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

America's 1 st Turnpike: Philadelphia Lancaster, PA 1790 America's 1 st Turnpike: Philadelphia Lancaster, PA 1790 Brought rich trade and stimulated western development Good investment & brought 15% dividends annually to stockholders

Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

Principle Canals by 1840 Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

Steamboats & Canals Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: –Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing –State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds

Robert Fulton’s Steamboat (1807) The Clermont

The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1 st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

Results Shortened expense and time of transportation Value of land increased New cities grew along canal Profitability of farming drew immigrants and Eastern farmers Price of food reduced

Inland Freight Rates

The Railroad Railroads were faster, more reliable, and cheaper to construct than canals First railroad in 1828 From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads –In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance –Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth –Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South The Expansion of Railroads by Region Railroad Expansion by 1860 By 1860, there were 30,000 miles of railroad tracks laid in the U.S., mostly in the North

Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Jackson’s assault on the 2 nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

The Market Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Booms In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: –Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South –Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming

Rise of Commercial Agriculture The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: –Lower transportation costs –New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator –The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Idea came from a slave named Sam!

Effects Almost overnight, cotton was profitable & South was saved with “King Cotton” Cotton kingdom was expanded to AL & MS North manufactured textiles, especially in New England

American vs. International goods Embargo Act 1807 & War of 1812 encouraged home manufacturing But after the war, the British poured cheap goods into American market & American industry could not compete Tariff of 1816 brought some relief Textile industry began to grow

The Nation’s Breadbasket Trans-Allegheny region (OH-IN-IL) planted corn and raised hogs –Flowed down the Ohio-MS River system –Desire to cultivate more land for greater profit Soil was thick and matted in the west, often breaking wooden plows

John Deere & the Steel Plow Cut through hard soil and pulled by horses

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper Harvested grain; one man could now do work of 5 men.

Effects Inventions (steel plow & McCormick reaper) led to large-scale specialized production & growth of cash crops. Subsistence farming gives way to food production. The West produced more food than the South; products flowed from the North to the South, not the East to West…until the transportation revolution

Early Industrialism In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions –The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston –Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing Brought families extra income “Cottage Industry”

Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Early Textile Loom Introduced the first water powered cotton mill to the U.S.

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine Foundation for ready made clothing industry Encouraged many women to leave home and work in factory

Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention 1798 Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts By 1850, adopted & gave way to other innovations…Samuel Colt’s fabled revolver Provided basis of assembly line which allowed Northern industry to flourish

(Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution) Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840 Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858 However, first it connected American businesses and later connected them to Europe

The Lowell System: The 1 st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town Lowell Boarding Houses

Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

Women & the Economy Gave them greater economic independence and the means to buy manufactured goods Worked 6 days a week, earned little money, hour days Young, single women (usually from farms) supervised by matrons Other jobs: domostic, nursing, teaching 20% of women worked before marriage and 10% of white women were working for pay outside their home in 1850 Cult of domesticity: cultural creed that glorified functions of homemaker  moral power and decisions that altered family Encouraged by Catherine Beecher

Legal Changes Limited liability: an investor cannot lose more than he invested in corporation –Marshall protected contract rights but Justice Taney changed it in the 1830s “Free incorporation”: no need to apply for a charter from a state legislature to start a corporation –This helped to destroy monopolies 1800: only 306 patents 1860: 28,000 patents

Labor Issues long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, unions were forbidden Child labor rampant, many under the age of 10 in 1820 However, with the extension of suffrage, adult working conditions got better, with many giving their support to Andrew Jackson Things progressively got better Van Buren established 10 hr work days for federal employees in 1840s About 300,000 labor unions formed in 1830s though had minimal effectiveness due to management’s ability to call in scabs during a strike

New England Dominance in Textiles

The Market Revolution national By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy: –U.S. developed a self-sustaining national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods regional –But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization Northern industry Southern cotton production Western commercial farming

America in 1840 The Antebellum South Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: –Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money –Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming

Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1840Slave Population, 1860

America in 1840 The Antebellum West Land was cheap Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash- producing farms: –Wheat & corn –Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

America in 1840 The Antebellum North Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization The Antebellum North Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization

U.S. Urban Centers

American Population Centers in 1820 American Population Centers in 1860

The Market Revolution New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s –60% of the population were still involved in farming –Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops

Essential Question Essential Question: –What problems developed as a result of American industrialism & immigration from ?

Mass Immigration Begins

From 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish & Germans immigrated to America Motivations for immigration: –Most came for higher wages in northern industrial jobs –The potato blight from brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants –Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier

Immigration to the US Where did immigrants go? Industrial workers Farmers Cotton farming & cattle Gold miners

Mass Immigration Begins Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers –This vast pool of cheap labor provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s –In the 1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were foreign-born; By % were foreign-born

Mass Immigration Begins Low immigrant wages contributed to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements: –Provided police forces, sanitized water, sewage disposal, & improved housing standards –But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results Affluent city dwellers moved to America’s 1st suburbs

Anti-Immigrant Reaction Immigrant groups were met with prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s Nativism Nativism emerged among American-born citizens: –Suspicion of the new ethnic neighborhoods & alien cultures –Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots, charges of despotism, & anti- Irish propaganda

Nativist propaganda targeting German & Irish immigrants Anti-Catholic “Native American” mob battling the state militia in Philadelphia in 1844

Conclusions In the 1830s & 1840s, the USA was growing more democratic & economically self-sufficient: –Innovation & transportation improvements connected regional specialization into a nation market economy –This economic growth will stimulate a sense of “manifest destiny” into the West & sectional divisions between North & South

American Industry in the Age of Jackson American Industry in the Age of Jackson Activity

American Immigration & Nativism American Immigration & Nativism Activity

The Early American Industrial Revolution Group Activity

ABC APUSH Review In groups of two, teams must provide an accurate sentence regarding an event/theme in American history for each letter of the alphabet: –A…Adams was the only Federalist president, etc. –Sentences must begin with nouns, not verbs or adjectives