ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Contents Introduction Branches of AI Control Theory Cybernetics Artificial Neural Networks Application Advantage And Disadvantage

Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of electronic computers in 1941 AI was first coined in 1956, by John McCarthy of MIT From its birth 4 decades ago, there have been variety of AI programs, impacted other technical advancements

Defination of AI Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally “[ The automation of ] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision- making, problem solving, learning..” (Bellman,1978) “ The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston,1992) Systems that act like humans Systems that acts rationally “ The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.” ( Rich and Knight,1991) “ AI ….is concerned with intelligent behaviour in artifacts “ (Nilson,1998)

Branches Of AI Logical AI Search Pattern Recognition Representation Planning Epistemology Ontology Heuristics Learning From Experience Common Sense Knowledge and Reasoning

Control Theory And Cybernetics The mathematical study of how to manipulate the parameters affecting the behavior of a system to produce the desired or optimal outcome Plays a major role in nearly every modern precision device Cybernetics is about having a goal and taking action to achieve that goal

Artificial Neural Networks It is a mathematical or computational model that tries to stimulate the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks it involves a network of simple processing elements (neurons), which can exhibit complex global behavior, determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters

Artificial Neural Networks

( Application) Assistive Technology 9

Application

( Application) Robot performs a surgery o Date : 10 th March o Place : Duke University. o Task : Remove tumor in the throat” o Time Required : 1 hr 10 mins. o Subject : Healthy and fully cured.

Application

Other Applications Hospitals Aviation Security and Privacy Intelligent Tutoring Military Telecommunication Music Speech and Text Recognition

Advantages And Disadvantages Replaces human job Self-modifying, self writing, and learning software relieves programmers of the burdensome task of specifying the whole program functionally Self-modifying with self replicating can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as new and frequently computer virus