Problem Solving and Decision Making
Intelligence
Intelligence Testing
Memory I
Memory II
Anything!
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A mental grouping based on shared similarity is a….
Concept
What is a prototype?
Typical best example of a concept
What is the difference between a heuristic and an algorithm?
Algorithm has a guaranteed solution
What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?
Divergent: involves generating many different answers Convergent: narrows focus in a particular direction
Hillclimbing and subgoals are examples of….
Heuristics
Who had a theory that embraced 8 different categories of intelligence?
Howard Gardner
How many types of intelligence are included in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?
3
What is general intelligence?
General intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Name 5 of Gardner’s 8 types of intelligence
Verbal-Linguistic; Logical- Mathematical; Bodily- Kinesthetic; Visual-Spatial; Musical-Rhythmic; Interpersonal; Intrapersonal; Naturalistic
What is intelligence?
Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation
Who was the first person to classify children’s ability levels?
Alfred Binet
What is mental age?
Chronological age that corresponds to the difficulty of the questions a child can answer
Who developed an intelligence scale that gave different tests to different groups of people?
Wechsler
How is IQ calculated?
(MA/CA) x 100
What assumption did Binet make about the mental capabilities of children?
Increased every year
What are the three steps in the information processing model?
Encoding; Storage; Retrieval
What is the serial position effect?
Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list
What is overlearning and when should is it used?
Continuing to rehearse after the point the information has been learned; For stressful situations
What are the two types of sensory memory?
Iconic Acoustic
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memories?
Explicit: Memory of facts and experiences – hippocampus Implicit: memory of tasks, skills – cerebellum
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
Recall – essay/short answer Recognition - MC
Memory construction is like a….
Jigsaw puzzle
What is decay theory?
Says that our memories decay over time
Difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Proactive: Old in way of new Retroactive: New in way of old
What is long term potentiation?
Increased firing of neurons; neural basis behind memory
What is a concept heirarchy?
Means of keeping mental information organized from basic to specific concepts
What is framing?
The way a concept or question is worded; can effect our decisions
What does the “forgetting curve” tell us about memory?
Most memory loss happens quickly; then levels off
What is the misinformation effect? Who studied it?
Incorporating misleading information into memory; Loftus
Name 4 tips for becoming a better encoder
Rehearse; Overlearning; Overcome serial position effect; Spacing effect; Self-reference effect; Mnemonic devices; Chunk material or arrange in heirarchy