Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Skeleton Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins BonesBones Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts To produce blood cells

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bone Structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Bone marrow –Red marrow –Yellow marrow Bone membranes –Periosteum –Endosteum

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The skeleton.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The structure of a long bone.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Compact bone tissue.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bone Growth and Repair Types of bone cells Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Formation of a Long Bone Cartilage begins to turn into bone Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends Bones continue to lengthen Bones stop lengthening Bone resorption and formation continues

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bone Markings Distinguishing features Projections –Head –Process –Condyle –Crest –Spine Depressions or holes –Foramen –Sinus –Fossa –Meatus

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bones of the Axial Skeleton Two main groups of bones Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of the Skull Cranial bones Facial bones Infant skull

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of the Skull, cont’d Cranial bones –Frontal –Parietal –Temporal –Ethmoid –Sphenoid –Occipital

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of the Skull, cont’d Facial bones –Mandible –Maxilla –Zygomatic –Nasal –Lacrimal –Palatine –Inferior nasal conchae

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of the Skull, cont’d Infant skull –Anterior fontanel

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The skull. ZOOMING IN What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The skull, sagittal section.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of the Trunk Vertebral column –Cervical vertebrae –Thoracic vertebrae –Lumbar vertebrae –Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) –Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx ) Thorax –Sternum –Ribs True ribs False ribs –Manubrium –Clavicular notch –Sternal angle –Xiphoid process

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The first two cervical vertebrae.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Two divisions Upper Lower

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton The shoulder girdle –Clavicle (collarbone) –Scapula (shoulder blade) –Acromion –Glenoid cavity –Coracoid process

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’d The upper extremity –Humerus (arm bone) –Medial and lateral epicondyles –Trochlea –Ulna and radius (forearm bones) –Distal projection (styloid process) –Olecranon –Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) –Carpal bones –Metacarpal bones –Phalanges (finger bones)

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton The pelvic bones –Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine –Ischium Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity –Pubis Pubic symphysis Acetabulum Obturator foramen

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’ d The lower extremity –Femur Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter –Patella –Tibia (shin bone) Medial malleolus –Fibula Lateral malleolus –Tarsal bones Calcaneus (heel bone) –Metatarsal bones –Phalanges

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The right femur (thigh bone).

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN What is the medial bone of the leg?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of Bone Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections Structural problems

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Metabolic Disorders Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis –Osteopenia Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tumors Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant –Osteosarcomas –Chondrosarcomas

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Infection Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis –Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria Tuberculosis –Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structural Disorders Curvatures of the spine –Kyphosis (hunchback) –Lordosis (swayback) –Scoliosis Cleft palate Flatfoot

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fractures Types of fractures Closed Open Greenstick Impacted Comminuted Spiral Transverse Oblique

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Skeletal Changes in the Aging Bones undergo significant changes Loss of calcium salts Decrease in protein Reduction in collagen Loss of height Decrease in chest diameter

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Joints Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted Fibrous –Synarthrosis (immovable) Cartilaginous –Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Synovial –Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins More About Synovial Joints Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints Ligaments Joint capsule Hyaline (articular) cartilage Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus Fat Bursae

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structure of a synovial joint.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Synovial Joints Classified by types of movement they allow Gliding Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-socket

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What type of joint is your elbow? a. hinge joint b. ball-and-socket joint c. saddle joint

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movement at Synovial Joints Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of Joints Mechanical disorders –Dislocation –Sprain Herniated disk Arthritis –Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD]) –Rheumatoid arthritis –Septic (infectious) arthritis –Gout Backache –Vertebrae diseases –Intervertebral disk disorders –Supporting structure abnormalities –Abdominopelvic disorders –Lumbosacral joint strains

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation