Chapter 12: Classification Essential Question: How are living things organized and named?

I. Biodiversity: variety of organisms A. Classifying organisms 1. Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history a) taxon (taxa): particular group within a taxonomic system 2. Common names were confusing and varied from place to place 3. Long descriptions in Latin were used but they were difficult to remember

B. Linnaeus’s system (1700’s) 1. Use organisms’ form and structure to group them into categories a) kingdom was the largest group b) plant and animal kingdoms 2. Levels of classification a) kingdom: largest category b) phylum c) class d) order f) genus e) family g) species: single organism type Classification

Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Classification of Ursus arctos Go to Section:

3. Binomial nomenclature: species name has two-parts and is written in italics Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature a) first name: genus (capital letter) b) second name: species identifier and usually a descriptive word (small cased letter) c) example: Homo sapiens (wise human) d) written in Latin so all scientists can identify the organism 4. Modern system has domain level above kingdom

The Linnaean System of Classification Scientific Names Why not just use common names? Potato Bug Roly Poly Bug Sow Bug Pill Bug OR Armadillium vulgare Dandelion Irish Daisy Lion’s tooth Priests crown OR Taraxacum officinale Mountain Lion Cougar Puma OR Puma concolor

Review Binomial Nomenclature Rules: All scientific names are in Latin (same for all scientists, same in every language). Consists of a genus (first part) and species descriptor (second part). Genus is capitalized and species is in lower case. Genus and species names are either underlined or italicized.

II. Systematics: organizes living things by similarities in embryos, chromosomes, proteins, DNA, fossils A. Phylogenetics: analysis of evolutionary relationships among taxa 1. Phylogenetic diagram/tree: family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

2. Fossil record: one form of evidence used in making a phylogenetic tree that can provide clues to evolutionary relationships 3. Morphology: study of the internal and external structures of organisms: the greater the number of homologous Morphological features, the more closely related they are

4. Embryological patterns of development: provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships based on similarity among embryos of different species 5. Chromosomes and DNA: compare DNA, RNA, and chromosomes of different species: same patterns show how closely they are related

B. Cladistics: use shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships 1. Derived character: feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration 2. Example: birds have a derived character of feathers, most animals do not have feathers other than birds 3. Shared character: feature that all members of a group have in common 4. Cladograms: ancestry diagrams made by means of cladistic analysis Cladistics

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM AppendagesConical Shells Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet CrustaceansGastropod Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva Section 18-2 Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram Go to Section:

Another Cladogram Node Derived Characteristics

III. Modern classification A.Three Domains of life: all living things seems to be related by ancestry to one of three major lineages or domains 1. Domain Bacteria: Eubacteria kingdom 2. Domain Archaea: includes the Archaebacteria kingdom 3.Domain Eukarya: includes the Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia kingdoms

B. Six Kingdom system: first kingdom aligns with domain Bacteria, second kingdom with domain Archaea, and the last four kingdoms with the domain Eukarya

Kingdoms Domains and kingdoms

1. Kingdom Eubacteria a) unicellular prokaryotes b) “eu” means true c) bacteria that affects your life

Spirochetes Lyme’s disease

Tooth Decay Bacteria

Food Poisoning Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)

2. Kingdom Archaebacteria a) unicellular prokaryotes b) distinctive cell membranes and genetic properties c) live in harsh environments d) “archae” means ancient

Archaebacteria at Yellowstone National Park Morning Glory Hot Spring

Archaebacteria at Yellowstone National Park

3. Kingdom Protista a) most are single celled eukaryotes b) some are multicellular c) very different from each other d) placed in category if not a fungi, plant, or animal

Euglena Paramecium Ameoba Ephelota Photosynthetic (chloroplasts) or heterotrophic. Heterotrophic, respond to touch and light.

Didinium

Stentor

Euplotes

Ceratium

4. Kingdom Fungi a) heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes b) absorb nutrients c) include mushrooms, mildew, and molds

Poisonous Mushrooms Amanita Most poisonous mushrooms secrete muscarin – causes excessive saliva, tears, sweating, diarrhea,vomiting.

Puffballs Yeast

Rusts

Smuts

Ringworm

Athletes Foot

Mildew and Mold Slime mold

Penicillin

5. Kingdom Plantae a) multicellular plants b) photosynthesis c) includes: mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

Venus Fly Trap

Pitcher Plant

Mosses

Clubmosses

Horsetails

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

6. Kingdom Animalia a) multicellular heterotrophs b) most move about in their environment

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Box jelly Giant jellyfish

Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida “WORMS”

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Vertebrata

Section 18-3 Concept Map are characterized by such as and differing which place them in which coincides with which place them in which is subdivided into Living Things Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Important characteristics Cell wall structures Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Go to Section:

Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA Section 18-3 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Go to Section:

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Textbook p. 349

IV. Dichotomous Keys A. Dichotomous key: series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms B. Used to identify unfamiliar organism

Sample Dichotomous key for beans: 1.a. If the bean is round ….. it is a garbanzo bean. 1.b. If the bean is oblong ….. go to step 2. 2.a. If the bean is white ….. it is a white northern bean. 2.b. If the bean is dark-colored ….. go to step 3. 3.a. If the bean is a solid color ….. go to step 4. 3.b. If the bean is speckled ….. it is a pinto bean. 4.a. If the bean is black ….. it is a black bean. 4.b. If the bean is reddish-brown ….. it is a kidney bean.