Your Test MC—Class average—75%...ok Some people didn’t finish, then didn’t come finish the test—Do you just not care?

10—50% (Wood) Which of the following is an accurate description of the status of women in Iranian society? a)Women are well respected in the Majles b)Women no longer must wear scarves and long coats in public c)Women may leave the country without the consent of male relatives d)Women are well represented as doctors and government employees e)Women now constitute about 10% of the total labor force

16—50% (Wood) The highest official representing democratic principles in Iran is the – President – Supreme leader – Chairman of the Assembly of Religious Experts – Chairman of the Guardian Council – Leader of the Majles

35-92% (AP) Which of the following best describes Iranian political culture? a)It is dominated by sectarian and ethnic divisions b)It is trusting of government and other institutions. c)It is prone to political change through referenda. d)It values the community’s welfare above individual rights. e)It prefers international law to Islamic law.

Nigerian History “As Nigeria goes, so goes the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.”

Historical Traditions Trade Connections— Niger River connects to the ocean, plus trade connections north into North Africa Islam—Trade w/North Africa led to a large Muslim presence, especially in northern Nigeria

Historical Traditions Kinship based politics— Especially in the South, main allegiance at the village level, not beyond Democratic Impulses— Especially under Yaruba and Igbo (2 ethnicities in the South), leaders were seen as representatives of their people Complex Allegiance— Ethnic? Religious? Village? National govt?

Imperialism British colony Indirect rule—Chiefs given authoritarian rule, only answered to the British – Disappearance of democracy – Increase in corruption Christianity—Introduced mainly in the South (Islam in the North) Increase in ethnic identity—British put main 3 identities (Igbo, Hausa, and Yaruba) against each other Role of decolonialism

Independence Independence in 1960 (young country) Wrote a constitution Established a parliamentary style of government Tafawa Balewa elected PM Literacy Rate--?

Military Leadership 1966—Balewa assassinated in a military coup Coup d’etat—Sudden overthrow of the government to replace it with another group within the government, generally the military Usually promise to return to democracy when country is “stable” General who overthrows Balewa assassinated General Yakubu Gowon leads from

Nigerian Civil War Southeastern, Christian state tried to secede and form Republic of Biafra Caused by tension between Hausa and Igbo ethnicities based on ethnicity and economics Over 1 million people died of starvation and fighting Nigerian Army won

More coups Yakubu overthrown in 1976 by another general who wanted the north to form its own country Yakubu also claimed that even after 9 years Nigeria wasn’t ready for elections North was much less developed than the south That dictator (Muhammed) assassinated Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo becomes dictator

Democratic Rule! 1979-Obasanjo steps down for new elections New constitution calls for presidential system Shehu Shagari elected president President Accused of widespread corruption and rigging 1983 election, and oil prices dropped, so…

1983 Coup! General Buhari overthrows (doesn’t kill) the president, rules for 2 years “War Against Undiscipline” Banned strikes, formed secret police Overthrown by Babangida in 1985 Babangida rules until 1993

Babangida and Abacha Both Babangida and Abacha ( ) had huge foreign bank accounts Estimated that at times 2/3 of all oil profits ended up in hands of elites! Abacha’s family took $5 billion Died suddenly— prostitutes? So…

Democracy! New dictator steps aside, holds elections 1999—Nigerians elect… Obasanjo again! Christian from the south Reelected in 2003, but is this really democracy? Lots of violence after election Lots of allegations of voter fraud

Constitutions Nigeria has had at least 6 Constitutions Current Constitution enacted in 1999 Now heavily amended

2007 Election Umaru Yar’Adua elected Muslim from the North Election thought to be rigged bigtime Yar’Adua died in 2010, succeeded by Goodluck Jonathan (vice- president, Christian from the south)

2011 Election Jonathan won, and thought to be only 3% voter fraud But, huge protests at a Christian being president again (only 3 years of Muslim presidency) Hundreds, maybe more killed Boko Haram on the rise

2015 election Main issue—Security and Boko Haram – Election was actually postponed because of security concerns Goodluck Jonathan (Christian) vs. Muhammadu Buhari (Muslim, does he sound familiar?) Super expensive, vitriolic Buhari wins! 54% of the vote – Even some Christian states voted for Buhari! For the first time ever, the incumbent president lost, and was not reelected How do you think Jonathan, his supporters, and the country handled the loss…

2015 Election Everyone was fine with it! Goodluck Jonathan conceded before all votes were counted UN declared it an overall safe and fair election Buhari now president

Gap tooth!

Timeline! You will now create a timeline, with both explanations and pictures, of the 6 events you think are most important in Nigerian history Each event must include a date, explanation, and image.