Ellis Island Isle of Hope… Isle of Tears…

Ellis Island – New York Harbor Top – Island #1: Main buildings for check- in procedures Middle – Island #2: Hospital facilities Lower- Island #3: Hospital wards

From 1892 to 1954, this immigrant depot processed the greatest tide of incoming humanity in the nation’s history. Nearly twelve million landed here in their search of freedom of speech and religion, and for economic opportunity.

Push – Pull Factors Push Factors: Famine Famine Lack of Jobs Lack of Jobs Political Freedom Political Freedom War War Pull Factors: Pull Factors: Free Land Free Land Job Opportunities Job Opportunities Freedoms Freedoms

The Journey Usually it took a few weeks, but could take up to a couple of months Usually it took a few weeks, but could take up to a couple of months Dangerous Dangerous Poor conditions on the ship Poor conditions on the ship Cost for a 3 rd class ticket was $12.00 in 1890 ($150 today) Cost for a 3 rd class ticket was $12.00 in 1890 ($150 today)

What did they bring with them? “What did we take with us? Our clothes, our pillows, our big thick comforters made from pure goose feathers – not chicken feathers, our bibles, and a barrel of pickles” - Fannie Shoock, a Polish Jewish immigrant in 1927

What class are you? When the ships would dock at Ellis Island: When the ships would dock at Ellis Island: 1 st and 2 nd class passengers were “lightly” inspected on the ship and, if free of disease, were allowed to go ashore in America immediately. 3 rd class (steerage) who paid the lowest fares were taken to Ellis Island for processing.

The Process of Entry

Let the wait begin… The entire process would take between 6-8 hours of standing in line barring no setbacks! The entire process would take between 6-8 hours of standing in line barring no setbacks! 700 employees would see an average of 5,000 people pass through this room in ONE DAY! 700 employees would see an average of 5,000 people pass through this room in ONE DAY!

Why was the process so hard? America wanted: Good citizens Good workers Healthy people NOT: “criminals, political radicals, people who might become a public charge, those with illnesses”

Medical Requirements Exams began as soon as the people got off the boat! Exams began as soon as the people got off the boat! They would look for obvious signs of illness (fatigue, rashes) They would look for obvious signs of illness (fatigue, rashes) Stairs with luggage were first Stairs with luggage were first Walking - posture Walking - posture

Physical Exams Took about 1 hour if nothing was wrong Took about 1 hour if nothing was wrong Doctors would look over immigrants (eyes,hair,heart,etc) Doctors would look over immigrants (eyes,hair,heart,etc) The process was scary for immigrants The process was scary for immigrants Would be pulled out of line for further exams if needed Would be pulled out of line for further exams if needed

Further Evaluations Letters would be written on the coats of people - codes Letters would be written on the coats of people - codes Families separated Families separated Hospitalization if needed Hospitalization if needed Could be rejected and sent back to old country if disease wasn’t curable (1% turned away for medical reasons) Could be rejected and sent back to old country if disease wasn’t curable (1% turned away for medical reasons)

Hospitals on Ellis Island Different wards for different diseases: Different wards for different diseases: Contagious diseases (trachoma, favius, etc) Non-contagious (heart failure, pregnancy, hernias, etc) Doctors and nurses would live in the hospitals for weeks at a time Doctors and nurses would live in the hospitals for weeks at a time No contact with outside world No contact with outside world Patients could only have visitors if they were dying. Patients could only have visitors if they were dying.

Sick kids… Parents couldn’t see their kids until they were released. They would have to go to New York, then come back to get them. Parents couldn’t see their kids until they were released. They would have to go to New York, then come back to get them. 11yrs old = key age 11yrs old = key age ( If a child was 11 and rejected a parent had to return to the old country with them, if over 11 they could send them back by themselves)

Psychological Exams If a person was thought to be mentally ill they would mark them with a “X” If a person was thought to be mentally ill they would mark them with a “X” (9%) were marked with an initial “X” on their coats (9%) were marked with an initial “X” on their coats They would undergo mental testing They would undergo mental testing Mental illness was cause for rejection Mental illness was cause for rejection

Further Questioning –Legal Inspection After medical, the immigrants would be questioned… After medical, the immigrants would be questioned… Are you married or single? What is your occupation? How much money do you have? Have you been convicted of a crime? Manifest sheets filled out on the steamships contained information and were given to the officials at Ellis Island for helping to process the immigrants Literacy test required – 40 word passage in English

The right to Appeal! If a person was rejected, they had the right to appeal. If a person was rejected, they had the right to appeal. They would testify and be allowed to have character witnesses They would testify and be allowed to have character witnesses If appeal was upheld they were allowed into the U.S. If appeal was upheld they were allowed into the U.S. If rejected, they were sent back to their old country If rejected, they were sent back to their old country

Leaving the Island Women and children were not allowed to leave Ellis Island until their safety was assured. Relatives living in the United States needed to send them a train ticket or a letter stating that these unescorted people would be living with them. Women and children were not allowed to leave Ellis Island until their safety was assured. Relatives living in the United States needed to send them a train ticket or a letter stating that these unescorted people would be living with them. Single women were not allowed to leave the island with a man who was not related to them. If a man came to the island to pick up his bride-to-be, they must be married on the island before she was free to leave. Single women were not allowed to leave the island with a man who was not related to them. If a man came to the island to pick up his bride-to-be, they must be married on the island before she was free to leave.

Waves of immigration Three great waves of immigration million immigrants settled permanently in the United States, mainly English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe million immigrants settled permanently in the United States, mainly English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe million immigrants settled permanently in America, again mainly from northwestern Europe million immigrants settled permanently in America, again mainly from northwestern Europe million immigrants journeyed to the United States, many of whom were Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, Romanian million immigrants journeyed to the United States, many of whom were Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, Romanian

Life in America Only about 1/3 of the immigrants stayed in New York after leaving Ellis Island. Only about 1/3 of the immigrants stayed in New York after leaving Ellis Island. The rest scattered across America to live in all parts of the nation. The rest scattered across America to live in all parts of the nation. Life was not easy: Life was not easy: They had to find jobs, housing, food, etc

Immigrant Kids in America Poor Living Conditions were common Child Labor increased dramatically

Immigration Regulations over the years 1875: No prostitutes or convicts 1875: No prostitutes or convicts 1882: Chinese Exclusions 1882: Chinese Exclusions 1891: Immigration Act – excludes idiots, insane, paupers, diseased, and polygamists 1891: Immigration Act – excludes idiots, insane, paupers, diseased, and polygamists 1907: Excludes Japanese (harder for Eastern and Southern Europeans) 1907: Excludes Japanese (harder for Eastern and Southern Europeans) 1896,1913,1915: Congress makes literacy test requirements 1896,1913,1915: Congress makes literacy test requirements 1917: IMMIGRATION ACT – defined personal and economic standards, this passed over President Wilson’s Veto 1917: IMMIGRATION ACT – defined personal and economic standards, this passed over President Wilson’s Veto 1921: EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT - Because of fears of anarchy and the recession of 1920 extreme changes in immigration were approved. It allowed only 3% of the 1910 immigration numbers be accepted. It reduced immigration from 800,000 to just 300, : EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT - Because of fears of anarchy and the recession of 1920 extreme changes in immigration were approved. It allowed only 3% of the 1910 immigration numbers be accepted. It reduced immigration from 800,000 to just 300, IMMIGRATION ACT – went to 2% of 1890 immigration numbers. (this was to purposefully exclude southern and eastern Europeans 1923 IMMIGRATION ACT – went to 2% of 1890 immigration numbers. (this was to purposefully exclude southern and eastern Europeans 1924 – Banned East Asia entirely. 2% of 1890 census for Europe 1924 – Banned East Asia entirely. 2% of 1890 census for Europe 1927 – Shift to 1920 census numbers (Quota’s) – Laws didn’t apply to Latin America, Mexico, or Canada 1927 – Shift to 1920 census numbers (Quota’s) – Laws didn’t apply to Latin America, Mexico, or Canada Open to Chinese Open to Chinese 1965 – Immigration Act – No National Origins Quota. Priority to skilled workers and families 1965 – Immigration Act – No National Origins Quota. Priority to skilled workers and families 1980’s – New laws, but mostly dealt with illegal immigration and boarder control 1980’s – New laws, but mostly dealt with illegal immigration and boarder control

Immigration Comparison Similarities in ideas on immigration Fears: Loss of jobs Loss of jobs Immigration spreads disease Immigration spreads disease “Not American” ideas “Not American” ideas Charges to the state Charges to the state

Ellis Island Today: Mrs. K in New York! The Great Hall The benches our ancestors sat on!

Hospitals needing restoration

The Contagious Wards

So close, yet so far away… From their hospital beds, they could see the statue and hear the city, yet some of them would be sent back, never to realize their dream…

I met teachers from around the country!