Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

SOUTHWEST ASIA TO 1945 Egypt was an English protectorate –British diplomats, officers dominate foreign policy, military to protect canal Turkey –Rise of Turkish nationalist movement under Mustafa Kemal –Created a modern, westernized state Relied on secularized law, institutions to run state; women no longer veiled, acquired many rights Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon –Arab aspirations unrealized; Western nations refused to allow creation of Arab states –Arabs very disappointed that they were not given independence –League of Nation Mandates; British military occupation –Zionist dream of a Jewish state in Palestine Zionism affirmed by Balfour Declaration, 1917, and Paris peace talks Britain supported Zionist effort, but limited Jewish migrants to Palestine –Conflicts between Arab Palestinians and Jewish settlers, 1920s and 1930s Arab Palestinians resisted both British rule and Jewish settlement violently Increased Jewish migration to escape Nazis; armed for self-protection Independent Arab states opposed a Jewish state

SOUTH ASIA 1914 – 1945  Indian National Congress and Muslim League  After WWI, both organizations dedicated to achieving independence  Indian nationalists inspired by Wilson's fourteen Points and the Russian Revolution  Frustrated by Paris Peace settlement: no independence for colonies  Mohandas K. Gandhi ( ), leader of Indian nationalism  Spent twenty-five years in South Africa, embraced tolerance and nonviolence  Developed technique of passive resistance, followed a simple life  Became political and spiritual leader, called the Mahatma ("Great Soul")  Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion of untouchables  , led Non-Cooperation Movement; 1930, Civil Disobedience Movement  The India Act of 1937  1919 British massacre at Amritsar killed 379 demonstrators, aroused public  Repression failed, so the British offered modified self-rule through the India Act  Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes refused to support  Muslims would not cooperate, wanted an independent state

CHINA TO 1945  The republic, after 1911  Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule  Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China  Growth of Chinese nationalism  May 4 TH Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism  Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921  CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang (The Nationalist Party)  CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism  Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism  Two parties formed alliance against foreigners  Nationalist China  Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925  Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China  Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928  After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords  Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideology  , CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists  China was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strength  Sets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reform  Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese

JAPAN TO 1945 ● Japan emerged from World War I as a world power  Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UK  Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies ● Prosperity short-lived  Economy slumped during Great Depression  Labor unrest, demands for social reforms ● Political conflict emerged  Much hostility to foreign influences by nationalists  Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change ● The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria  Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria  Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack  Incident became pretext for Japanese attack against China  Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932 ● Japanese dictatorship  Emerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by military  Many of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, tradition

AFRICA to 1945 ● During WWI  Allied forces battle for German territories in Africa  Africans volunteered or were conscripted to serve in European armies ● After WWI  Exploited for natural and labor resources  Economies dependent on the export of raw materials, import of manufactured goods.  Europeans force Africans to pay for roads, railways, and telegraphs through labor and taxes.  Use of forced labor to build infrastructure ● African Nationalism  Africans disappointed at the lack of reform and change after WWI  Wilson’s ideas and WWI influence growing nationalism ● The New Elite  High-ranking civil servants, physicians, lawyers, and writers  Many educated in Europe and the United States  Help introduce Western ideas of freedom and nations to Africa

Latin America to 1945 Reorientation of Political Ideals ◦ WWI and the Great Depression helped encourage new political ideals ◦ Communism and other radical ideals spread through universities ◦ Diego Rivera paints images supporting communism and denouncing American imperialism in Latin America Economic Imperialism and Neocolonialism ◦ As the U.S. Emerges as a world power, they play an increasing role in Latin American economies ◦ Dollar Diplomacy  Aimed at increasing economic interests in Latin America, and decreasing military intervention ◦ Great Depression halts economic growth and shows Latin Americas susceptibility to global economic crises  Causes some Latin American countries like Brazil to industrialize Conflicts with a “Good Neighbor” ◦ “Goog Neighbor Policy”  Aimed at decreasing U.S. military presence in Latin America ◦ Nicaragua  Civil war prompts U.S. Military intervention  Augusto Sandino leads nationalists rebellions against U.S. Occupation  In Mexico, President Cardenas nationalizes the oil industry ◦ Cultural Exchanges  Many Mexicans migrate to the U.S. During the interwar era 