NOVEMBER 30, 2015

Announcements This week: Unit 25 and Unit 26 This Wednesday: Listening Quiz This Thursday, Unit Test Next Tuesday- Final Exam Next Wednesday- End of the semester party!!! Next Wednesday- Thursday: Teacher conferences

Agenda Unit 25 Review Start Unit 26

Unit 25 review Note 1 How do you form the infinitive? To + base for infinitives of purpose answer the question Why? Can we answer questions with to + infinitive? Ex: Why did you study during the break? To get a better score on my next test.

Note 1 We do not repeat to to give more than one purpose. Why do you take English classes at Mt. SAC? I take classes at Mt. SAC to improve my speaking, learn new vocabulary and make friends.

Note 2 In order to + base explains a purpose. In order to + base is very formal Ex. He asked for advice in order to make the right choice. Ex. I wore a scarf in order to protect myself against the cold. In order not to + base form (negative purpose) She asked for advice in order not to buy the wrong phone. What is another way to say this in spoken English? Express a negative purpose with because + reason. She asked for advice because she didn’t want to buy the wrong phone. Refer to example from the book.

Note 3- for + noun/ pronoun before the infinitive It’s late to go out. = General statement = people shouldn’t go out. It’s late for Sarah to go out.= Sarah shouldn’t go out. The infinitive can be preceded by a noun to make it clear who (or what ) the action expressed by the infinitive refers to. It’s late for her to go out. The infinitive can be preceded by a pronoun.

Note 3 You can use the infinitive after adjectives and adverbs. Some smart phones are easy to use. He ran fast to win the race. Sometimes we use for +noun/ pronoun It’s difficult for me to say if it will rain.

Note 3- too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Too goes before an adjective or adverb to show that something is not possible. Micah is too young to own a cell phone, John drives too slowly to win the race.

Note 3 – adjective/ adverb + enough + infinitive Enough follows adverbs or adjectives and comes before the infinitive to show that something is possible. Kyle is old enough to buy a smart phone. Clare trained hard enough to win the competition.

Note 3- word order It is too expensive for me to buy. Too + adj + for + noun/ pronoun + infinitive. This coffee is cold enough for Mikey to drink. Adj + enough +for + noun/ pronoun + infinitive

Note 3 When the meaning is clear, there is no need to include the infinitive. Why didn’t he catch the bus? Because he didn’t run fast enough (to catch it). (To catch it) is not necessary in the answer.

Exercises 1-3, pp

Exercises 5 and 6, pp

Exercise 7 pp. 352

Exercise 11 (problem solving)

Class activity or homework Find something on sale. What will you use it for? Use too or enough with adjectives and adverbs. Write four sentences. Ex. I found some new shoes on sale. They cost $ They are comfortable for me to run all day. I will use these shoes to run a marathon. They are cheap enough for me.

Unit 26- Gerunds and infinitives (Before) If someone procrastinates, he/ she… (complete with your own ideas). Things people put offReasons for putting things off 1. What two examples of procrastination does the article give? 2. Why do people procrastinate- to have good feelings or to avoid bad feelings? 3. Does procrastination make people feel better? (Play reading)

In groups… 1. The article gives some reasons people procrastinate. Do you agree? Can you think of any others? Share with your group how you have tried NOT to procrastinate. Did they work? Give examples.

Grammar charts She put off studying. She decided not to study. What is put off followed by? What is decided followed by? Some verbs must be followed by gerunds and some are followed by infinitives.

Grammar charts They prefer going to the park. They prefer to go to the park. A few verbs such as prefer can be followed by either a verb or a gerund.

Grammar charts Brad has stopped studying. Tom was watching TV, but he has stopped to study. What is stopped followed by in the first example? What is stopped followed by in the second example? Verbs such as stop can be followed by gerunds or infinitives, but the meanings are different. Brad has stopped studying.(meaning: he is not studying anymore) Tom was watching TV, but he has stopped to study. (meaning: he stopped another watching TV and now he is studying).

Grammar charts Getting started is not easy. It’s not easy to get started. Tom is worried about not passing. Name the gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds can be used as subjects, infinitives can be used after adjectives, and prepositions such as about are followed by gerunds.

Notes 1 and 2 Todd avoided __________an appointment with the dentist. (make) He decided __________ one or two weeks. (wait) He promised his wife __________to the dentist before the end of the month. (go) He failed __________ the appointment and ___________ his promise. (make, keep).

Note 3 Eva hates to go to the library. She prefers to go to the park. Rod began writing his paper. He likes writing papers. Sheila loves reading. Her teacher encouraged her to continue working hard. Restate the statements on the board using gerunds or infinitives.

Note 4 Be careful!!! a. Michael stopped talking on the phone. b. Michael stopped to talk on the phone. 1. Michael was studying, but now he’s talking on the phone. 2. Michael was talking on the phone, but now he’ studying.

Note 5 He’s worried about not passing his exam. He put off studying until the last day. What kind of work follows the preposition about? Put off is a phrasal verb ( a verb + a particle that changes the meaning of the verb).

Note 6 Having too little time for a task is discouraging. It is discouraging to have too little time for a task. Which example uses a gerund to make a general statement? Which is the gerund? What does the second example use to make a general statement? Which is the infinitive? Is the meaning the same in these sentences?