Chapter 5-1

Chapter 5-2 Chapter 5: Organizing and Manipulating the Data in Databases Introduction Normalization Validating the Data in Databases Extracting Data From Databases: Data Manipulation Languages (DMLs) Object-Oriented Databases, Multimedia Databases, and Data Warehouses

Chapter 5-3 Normalization Most data organized in flat files  No sequence or order  Difficult to find records  Difficult to use data efficiently Normalization  Process of examining and arranging file data  Allows for more efficient use of data  Avoid problems accessing and modifying

Chapter 5-4 Unnormalized Data

Chapter 5-5 First Normal Form In First Normal Form (1 NF) when:  All data fields are well defined  Data can be stored in a flat file Problems  Data redundancy  Insertion anomaly  Deletion anomaly

Chapter 5-6 First Normal Form Example

Chapter 5-7 Second Normal Form In Second Normal Form (2 NF) when:  It is in 1 NF  All data items depend on primary record key Benefits  More efficient design  Eliminates data redundancy

Chapter 5-8 Second Normal Form Example

Chapter 5-9 Third Normal Form In Third Normal Form (3 NF) when:  It is in 2 NF  Does not contain transitive dependencies  Data field A does not determine data field B Ultimate Goal  Create database in 3 NF

Chapter 5-10 Third Normal Form Example

Chapter 5-11 Database Management Systems Overview  Not a database  Separate software system Functions  Enables users to utilize database information more efficiently Examples  Access, Alpha 5, dQuery, Lotus Approach

Chapter 5-12 Data Validation Data Definition Language (DDL)  Enables users to define record structure  Define individual fields of each record Example

Chapter 5-13 Tools for Data Validation Proper Data Types for Fields Input Masks  Limit data to specific formats Default Values  Data fields of new records

Chapter 5-14 Tools for Data Validation Drop-Down Lists Validation Rules  Create rules than limit range of values that may be entered Referential Integrity  Deleting of information disallowed when it would disrupt references

Chapter 5-15 Drop-Down List Example

Chapter 5-16 Validation Rule Example

Chapter 5-17 Creating Referential Integrity

Chapter 5-18 A database is in the third normal form (3 NF) if it is second normal form and: A.All the data attributes in a record are well defined B.All the data attributes in a record depend upon the record key C.The data contain no transitive dependencies D.The data can be stored in two or more separate tables Study Break #1

Chapter 5-19 A database is in the third normal form (3 NF) if it is second normal form and: A.All the data attributes in a record are well defined B.All the data attributes in a record depend upon the record key C.The data contain no transitive dependencies D.The data can be stored in two or more separate tables Study Break #1 - Answer

Chapter 5-20 An example of a validation rule is: A.An input value must be an integer B.An input value must also have a default value C.An input value must be between 0 and 40 D.You cannot delete parent records that have child records associated with them Study Break #2

Chapter 5-21 An example of a validation rule is: A.An input value must be an integer B.An input value must also have a default value C.An input value must be between 0 and 40 D.You cannot delete parent records that have child records associated with them Study Break #2 - Answer

Chapter 5-22 Extracting Data From Databases Schema  All information in a database  All relationships of the tables  Map of entire database Subschema  Subset of the schema

Chapter 5-23 Creating Select Queries Queries  Create customized subschemas Dynaset  Dynamic subset of a database  Created by queries  Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Chapter 5-24 Query Example

Chapter 5-25 Creating Select Queries One-Table Select Queries  Creates a dynaset  Based on:  Criteria determining which records to include  Criteria determining which fields to include from those records  Single or Multiple Criteria

Chapter 5-26 Select Query Example

Chapter 5-27 Multi-Table Select Query Example

Chapter 5-28 Multi-Table Select Query Example

Chapter 5-29 Creating Action Queries Simple query Wizard Crosstab queries Find-Duplicates queries Find-unmatched queries Delete queries

Chapter 5-30 Creating Action Queries Append queries Sum a column Update queries Make-table queries

Chapter 5-31 Query Wizard Screen

Chapter 5-32 Guidelines for Creating Queries Spell accurately and be case sensitive Specify AND and OR operations correctly Tables must be joined properly Name queries systematically Choose data fields selectively

Chapter 5-33 Extracting Data From Databases Structured Query Language (SQL) Hypertext  Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

Chapter 5-34 Extracting Data From Databases Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)  Complex, multidimensional data analysis  Pivot tables Data Mining  Utilize a set of data analysis and statistical tools  Identify relationships, patterns, or trends

Chapter 5-35 Pivot Table

Chapter 5-36 Object-Oriented Database Object-Oriented Database (OODB)  Contains text data  Information about set of actions taken on data field Multimedia Databases  Include graphics, audio information, and animation Multidimensional Databases

Chapter 5-37 Data Warehouses Pools of data from separate applications Characteristics  Free of errors  Defined uniformly  Span longer timeframe than transaction systems  Optimized data relationships

Chapter 5-38 All of the following are examples of action queries except: A.Update query B.Append query C.Delete query D.Find missing data query Study Break #3

Chapter 5-39 All of the following are examples of action queries except: A.Update query B.Append query C.Delete query D.Find missing data query Study Break #3 - Answer

Chapter 5-40 SQL is an example of: A.A tool to perform online analytical processing B.A database management system C.A query language D.A multimedia database Study Break #4

Chapter 5-41 SQL is an example of: A.A tool to perform online analytical processing B.A database management system C.A query language D.A multimedia database Study Break #4 - Answer

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Chapter 5-43 Chapter 5