US HISTORY REVIEW Day 1

► The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the “Old World” and the “New World” is known as the Exchange (in the 1500s) Colombian

► The effect of the Enlightenment caused colonists to question the authority of the. ► Age of Enlightenment (1700s) was a period of critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality (reason) and science British authority

► The First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s was primarily a revival of evangelical that spread through the colonies religion

► The effect of the First Great Awakening was that the began to challenge the hierarchical structure of existing religious denominations colonists

► Lord Baltimore established the in response to discrimination against Roman Catholics in England Maryland colony

► The Declaration of Independence elaborates on the Enlightenment idea of natural rights

► “We hold these Truths to be self- evident that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” Declaration of Independence ► wrote that excerpt in the Declaration of Independence John Locke

► The Supreme Court under the leadership of John Marshall solidified the power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of state and federal laws.

► In the second half of the 1800s, the part of the United States was the least industrialized. southern

► The land of the Louisiana Purchase stretched west from the River to the Mountains Mississippi Rocky

► The commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil War was. Robert E. Lee

► is credited with inventing the cotton gin. Eli Whitney

NEW JERSEY PLAN NEW JERSEY PLAN Equal Representation for all states VIRGINIA PLAN VIRGINIA PLAN Representation based on population The Great Compromise U. S. CONGRESS U. S. CONGRESS One house based on population One house based on equal representation

► The forced separation of whites and African Americans in public places was called legal. segregation

► The 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments increased the rights of African Americans

► The process of reuniting the nation and rebuilding the southern states without slavery was called. Reconstruction

► The allowed poor people to farm on land they could not afford to buy or rent, enabled small farmers to hire people to work on their land, and left many people deeply in debt sharecropping system

Reconstruction comes to an end in the South White government officials regain power in the South Southern states begin to implement poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses = Disfranchisement of most African Americans in the South

► The railroad building boom during the nineteenth century contributed to the rapid of the United States. industrialization

► Plains Indians depended on and for survival. buffalo horses

► The Pacific Railway Acts gave railway companies. loans and large land grants

► The Act granted land to small farmers if they agreed to stay on the land for five years. Homestead

► Owning all the business in a particular field is called integration horizontal Standard Oil Company = Oil-Refining Companies

► started Standard Oil in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1870 John D. Rockefeller

► One of the Party’s goals in the 1892 presidential election was to provide Americans with greater democracy and voice in the government Populist

► Members of the Populist Party supported public ownership of railroads because they thought it would. help small farmers

► In his book How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis described the living conditions of. immigrants

► The became the center of social and political life in urban African American communities Church