CHAPTER 16-SEC. 4 BEHIND THE LINES (OR WHAT WAS GOING ON BESIDES THE GORE AND VIOLENCE)

BACKGROUND Largest war ever fought on the North American Continent. Out of 1.5 million males in the South, 900,000 served. Out of 4 million males in the North, 2 million served. More than 188,000 African-Americans served in the Union Army. More Americans lost their lives in the Civil War than in any other conflict in the history of the U.S. As the Union suffered terrible losses but they were able to grow stronger while the Confederacy’s losses weakened their will to fight.

WARTIME GOVERNMENT Many Northerners criticized the government during the war….Why? Abolitionists didn’t think Lincoln was doing enough for slavery. They thought he should make the end of slavery a goal of the war. Radical Republicans joined them in protest of Lincoln. Peace Democrats, wanted the war ended at any price….even if that meant allowing the South back in with slavery or letting the slave states separate in peace. Peace Democrats came to be known as “Copperheads”. Lincoln used measures to quiet opposition…..many of these were unconstitutional (stopped freedoms of speech, assembly and press) –Stopped state legislatures from meeting. –Denied some newspapers use of the mail and used the army to shut down other newspapers. –He suspended the right of HABEAS CORPUS (the right to appear before a judge in a court of law) and jailed suspected Confederate sympathizers In the South…places that had limited slavery refused to recognize the Confederate govt. or serve in the Army. Jeff Davis had trouble setting up a govt. (he wanted a strong central govt.)(this is a problem…can you guess why?) Many Southerners believed in STATES’ RIGHTS, resisted paying taxes and didn’t fully support the military.

RAISING THE ARMIES North: At first –relied on volunteers. Enforced Conscription (draft) 1863 Men between the ages of were to join the military for three years. Fixed a quota (fixed number) from each state. A man could pay $300 to not serve or hire someone to take his place. Riots broke out over the draft. North offered a bounty to encourage volunteers…you could get $1,000 for a 3 year service. South: At first –relied on volunteers. Enforced Conscription Men between the ages of …serve as long as the war lasted. Later they raised the age to 50. Southern governors helped their citizens evade the draft.

WARTIME ECONOMIES North: –Economy grew stronger as the war went on. –Farmers began to use new industrial machines to harvest crops. –Farm production increased…….great demands for shoes, clothes and other Northern Products. South:  Economy grew weaker from invasion and destruction.  Required the use of all available human and economic resources to defend it.  Govt. took all rail lines away from private owners.  Govt. determined how much wool or cotton could be produced.  Govt. determined how many boots could be produced (what type of govt is this)

PAYING FOR THE WAR North: –Needed $4 billion to pay for the war. –¼ of the money came from taxation….rest came from borrowing and issuing paper money. –Congress established the first income tax in 1861… –Govt. asked people to loan money by buying government bonds….govt. promised to pay the money back with interest after the war (ha, ha). –Govt. printed $400 million worth of GREENBACKS….money not backed by gold or silver…… –Printing more money caused the prices of goods to go up because the dollar was worth less. South: Tried to raise money with taxes and bonds. People were less willing to cooperate. Govt. tried to print more money….this drastically increased the prices of everyday goods.

SUPPLYING THE ARMIES South: –Faced uphill struggle. –Govt. asked factories to supply arms and ammo but the South lacked the industrial strength to provide other necessities. North:  Strong industrial base.  (overcharging and corruption plagued the efforts)  Army contractors sometimes supplied shoddy clothing, rotten meat and defective shoes.  In spite of all this, the Northern Army was much better equipped than the South.

HARDSHIPS OF WAR Medical care wasn’t the best. Doctors didn’t know germs spread infection….many never boiled their instruments More than half of the people who died in the war died from disease….malaria, typhoid and dysentery. Women play vital role in the care of soldiers—wounded or dying –Dorothea Dix- supervised all the female nurses in the Union Army. –Sojourner Truth- worked as a nurse and cared for freed slaves. –Clara Barton- served in many field hospitals….began the American Red Cross –Mary Bickerdyke- worked on the front lines of battle caring for Union troops. South:  Women volunteered as nurses.  Many gathered to knit socks, make clothing and prepare food.  Many women moved to the cities to make their lives better and to get a job.