Civics 3.02 Local Gov’t in NC (ch )

I. Municipalities A.Creating municipalities 1.Municipalities- units of local gov’t (cities, townships) 2.Each city, town, village incorporated (given geographical area of rule) by the state a.Have a charter- basic rules of gov’t b.Can be adjusted by the General Assembly

3.Cities expand borders through annexation- adding unincorporated areas to city limits 4.Zoning- divide a city into zones (residential, commercial, industrial) 5.Metropolitan areas- cities and the areas around them (ex: Charlotte, Matthews, Concord, etc)

B.Government structure 1.City council- local legislature who pass ordinances- local laws 2.Mayor- elected chief executive 3.Council-Manager form of city gov’t a.Strong city council, mayor is chairman b.City manager hired by council for day-to-day gov’t operations

3-2-1 Write: 3 positions in local government 2 types of city government 1 question you have about how local government works Then complete the local government crossword

4.Mayor-Council form of city gov’t a.Mayor is strong, not a member of council, runs gov’t b.City council makes laws c.Model for large cities (uncommon in NC)

II. Counties A.Gov’t Structure 1.Largest subdivision in NC (100 counties in NC) 2.County seat- city that has county gov’t

3.County commissioners- governing legislature a.Elected by voters b.Pass ordinances c.Hire county manager to do day-to-day business 4.School board a.Elected independent board to determine educational policy b.Superintendent- executive of school system, hired by the school board

B.Other county elected officials 1.independent boards manage many county services 2.Sheriff- runs jail, county law enforcement 3.Register of deeds- registers and organizes documents 4.Treasurer- keeps and manages county funds 5.District attorney- prosecutes criminal cases 6.Assessor- sets property values, taxes

Civics 3.03 “Branches of North Carolina Government ” (ch )

I. Legislative A.Powers of the General Assembly 1. Make laws a.General Statutes- laws that apply statewide b.laws for specific counties or cities 2.Impeachment- governor, judges, members of Council of State 3.Pass a budget- by law, must be balanced

B.Organization of General Assembly 1.Members a.NC Senate 50 members b.NC House of Representatives- 120 members 2.Elections a.no term limits b.G.A. redraws district lines each census c. each district has equal population

3.Qualifications a.House- 21 years old, lived in district one year b.Senate- 25 years old, lived in NC two years 4.Leadership a.Speaker of House b.President of Senate is Lieutenant Governor, president pro tempore is leader

II. Executive (Governor) A.Chief of State- symbolic leader of NC B.Chief Executive- responsible for making sure policies are carried out (with Council of State) C.Qualifications- 30 years old, US citizen 5 years, lived in NC two years

D.Duties 1.appoints key officials 2.proposes state budget 3.supervises executive branch 4.veto power a.includes line item veto- may veto one or more items on bill without rejecting whole bill b.GA can override with 3/5 vote

5.judicial powers a.pardon- release from legal consequence of crime b.commute- reduce sentence c.reprieve- postpone execution d.parole- release early from prison

E.Lt. Governor 1.elected for 4 years separately from governor 2.succeeds governor if becomes vacant 3.president of Senate F.Council of State- elected heads of gov’t agencies 1.Are under the governor but work independently 2.ex: Attorney General- lawyer for the state

III. Judicial (NC Supreme Court) A.Elected by voters, 7 members B.highest state court, interprets state constitution C.major function of reviewing decisions of lower courts in appeals D.final say in matters of state law

Civics “NC Supreme Court Cases and Civil Rights ” (ch. 13.3)

I. Role of the State and Federal Gov’t A.Bayard vs. Singleton (1787)- created NC judicial review B.14th Amendment- after civil war 1.every citizen has equal rights 2.Bill of rights apply to the states

II. Civil Rights A.State vs. Mann (1830) 1.owner charged for beating and shooting a slave 2.Court affirmed right of slavery, Supremacy of the NC Constitution

B.After Civil War 1.Jim Crowe Laws- laws that segregated public places (schools, restrooms, etc) 2.de jure segregated- segregation by law 3.laws were affirmed by Plessey (1896) and overturned by Brown (1954)

Education What do you think the greatest problems are in education in CMS/NC/US? If you could change one thing in the education system in CMS/NC/US what would you do? What do you think can be done to make up for the achievement gap between low performing and high performing schools?

C.Swann vs CMS ( ) 1.choice in school and geography created de facto segregation- segregation in reality 2.US Supreme Court decided that school boards must actively integrate schools- forced busing

Leandro Reading 1.What is the core dilemma in this debate? 2.How are public schools funded? 3. (Rows 1,3,5) Make a list of arguments for local control of education 3. (Rows 2,4,6) Make a list of arguments against local control of education

D.Leandro vs NC ( ) 1.Poor counties sued the state because not equal education funding 2.ruled that every student receive an adequate and “sound, basic” education 3.created criteria (state tests) for achieving grade level

Civics “Revenues, Taxes, and Expenditures” (ch. 14.3)

I. Non-tax Revenue Sources A.Federal Grants-in-Aid- federal money goes to state and local governments (usually for specific projects) B.Intergovernmental Revenue- money from one level of gov’t to another (federal-state, state- county or city)

C.Municipal Bonds- loans issued by state and local gov’ts to build highways, libraries, parks, schools, etc 1.may raise taxes to pay back 2.voters vote on bonds

D.Other sources 1.Fees- developers to use local service, use of utilities 2.Fines- punishment for violations 3.Licenses- grant permission (hunt, marriage, etc) 4.Permits- grant permission (construction project) 5.Tolls- roads, bridges 6.Lotteries- most states allow

Review 1.What terms are used for the creation and the expansion of municipalities? 2.What is the Declaration of Rights? 3.What is the difference between initiatives and referendums? 4.Name three differences between the NC gov’t and the US gov’t. 5.What were the holdings in State vs Mann and Leandro vs NC?

II. Taxes A.Sales Tax 1.easy to collect, dependable 2.regressive- people pay same amount B.State Income Tax- income of individuals and corporations 1.progressive- more income, higher percentage

C.Property Tax- biggest source of local money 1.real property- land, buildings, etc 2.personal property- cars, boats, jewelry D.Excise Taxes E.Estate Tax

III. Expenditures A.NC is legally required to balance the budget B.Education- (58% budget) 1.local taxes provide much funding 2.states set curricula, graduation req., pay for teachers

B.Public Safety- law enforcement and corrections system C.Highways and Roads- speed limits, licenses, inspections D.Other- Gov’t buildings, hospitals, libraries, parks