1 2 Born: Feb

34

5

9 Discovery of Plant Growth Hormones

7 6 8

15

CONCLUSION: Island Populations Modified from Ancestral Forms HOW? MECHANISM?

Darwin was influenced by ideas of Thomas Malthus

19 Malthusian Dilemma

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

1)

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 2)

3) 28 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

20 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 4) 27

4 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 1)Organisms beget like organisms 2)There are chance variations among individuals in a population. Some variations are passed on to offspring 3)More offspring are produced each generation Than can be supported by the environment 4)Some individuals, because of physical or behavioral traits, have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other individuals in the same population (Adaptation of a Population to the Environment)

25 MECHANISM?

Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics

Gene: Factors that control Heritable Traits

Alleles: Different forms of a Gene

Y y Chromosomes as the Repository of Hereditary Information Morgan ( )

Hershey and Chase (1952) DNA as the Repository of Hereditary Information

Phenotype vs. Genotype

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Yy Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

Analysis of Heredity: Punnett Square

33 Characterizing Variation in Populations: Environment or Genetics? (Cinquefoil: Potentilla glandulosa)

36 Environment or Genetics?

Jens Clausen, David Keck, William Hiesey Fig

Fig. 4.4 in Molles 2008 If Only Environment..

Fig. 4.4 in Molles 2008 Experimental Results: Genetic Effects

Fig. 4.4 in Molles 2008 Experimental Results: Environmental Effects

Ecotype: Locally adapted and genetically distinctive population within a species

37 Characterizing Variation in Populations: Environment or Genetics? Chuckwalla

“Common Lab Conditions” Fig in Molles 2006 (Elevation of Chuckwalla Population Origin)

37 Conclusion:

Fig. 8.8 in Molles 2006 MECHANISM: Relationships between Winter Rainfall and Elevation and Chuckwalla Length Fig. 8.9 in Molles 2006 Elevation (m)

Population Genetics: Study of the Genetics of Populations

Allele Frequencies (Method 1: Count Alleles Directly) Frequency of Y Allele:Frequency of y Allele:

Allele Frequencies (Method II: Calculate from Genotype Frequencies) Frequency of Y Allele: Frequency of y allele: Frequency of YY Genotype: Frequency of Yy Genotype: Frequency of yy Genotype:

Equilibrium of Allele Frequencies: Necessary Conditions?

Non-Random Mating: Effect on Allele Frequencies?

Immigration: Effect on Allele Frequencies?

Natural Selection: Effect on Allele Frequencies

Mutation: Effect on Allele Frequencies