Juvenile Delinquency Week 3  This week we will be talking about Developmental Views of Delinquency (Chapter 5) and Gender and Delinquency (Chapter 6)  What’s New?  Any questions or problems?  You are doing fabulously!!!!! Thank you.

Chapter Goals - Chapter 5  Compare and contrast the two forms of Developmental Theory  Trace the history of, and influences on, Developmental Theory  Know the principles of the life course approach to Developmental Theory  Be familiar with the concept of Problem Behavior Syndrome

Write a 3 to 5 page paper that investigates one of the following questions: There is a strong connection between abuse and delinquency. Numerous studies have linked child abuse and neglect to juvenile crime. Examine this association and offer possible remedies. Juvenile gangs have become a serious and growing problem in many areas throughout the U.S. It is unlikely that gang control strategies can be successful as long as legitimate economic alternatives are lacking. Explore possible proactive solutions to this social problem. Essay Analysis

Many of the underlying problems of youth crime and delinquency are directly related to education. Numerous empirical studies have confirmed that lack of educational success is an important contributing factor in delinquency. Examine this relationship and propose alternative methods of educating our youth. You may use the textbook as a source, along with personal interviews and scholarly academic journals, available through the Kaplan online library. You must use at least 3 outside sources and follow American Psychological Association (APA) format with proper citations and references. Essay Analysis Continued

The Developmental process  A positive life experience may help some kids desist from delinquency  Delinquent careers are also said to be interactional because people are influenced by behavior of those around them  Life course theories also recognize that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change

Life Course Concepts  We know that most young criminals desist and do not become adult offenders  Most of these early onset delinquents begin their careers with disruptive behaviors  The earlier the onset, the more likely the adolescent will engage in serious delinquency

Does what you name your child matter?  Pop Quiz!!!!!!  So, think about it while I get your quiz ready and  DO NOT POST YOUR OPINION UNTIL AFTER THE QUIZ IS OVER  Which boys name is LEAST likely to have delinquency issues?  A.Alec B. Ernest C. Ivan D. Charles

What’s in a name?  Can the name you give your child actually increase their chances of becoming a criminal?  Let’s see. We are going to take a field trip (I hope you all brought your permission slips).  On the next slide, you will see an IP address. Click on it, view the video, and then come back to class – no sneaking out to the refrigerator for a snack on the way back!

Web Field Trip!  Click on this cite below and check out the short video: 

Adolescent-Limited Offenders versus Life Course Limited Offenders  Not all persistent offenders begin at an early age  A few even skip antisocial behavior in their childhood  In contrast life course persistent offenders remain high-rate offenders into young adulthood

Problem Behavior Syndrome  The life course view is that delinquency is but one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth  Youths who drink in the late elementary school years, who are aggressive and have attention problems are more likely to be offenders during adolescence

Multiple Pathways  Life Course theorist recognize that delinquents may travel more than a single road in their delinquent career  The authority conflict pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior  The covert pathway begins with minor, underhanded behavior that leads to property damage

Continuity of Crime and Delinquency  The best predictor of future criminality is past criminality  Research shows that kids who persist engage in more aggressive acts and are continually involved in theft offenses and aggression  As they emerge into adulthood, they report less emotional support

Turning Points in Life Course  Two critical turning points are career and marriage  Adolescents who are at risk for delinquency can live conventional lives if they can find good jobs or achieve successful careers  People who cannot sustain secure marital relations are more likely to continue with delinquency

Testing this Theory  Research has shown that children who grow up in two parent homes are more likely to have happier marriages  Youths who accumulate social capital (strong quality relationships) in childhood are most likely to maintain steady work as adults

Love and Delinquency  Age-graded theory places a lot of emphasis on the stability brought about by romantic relationships leading eventually to a good marriage  Kids headed toward a life of crime can knife off that path if they meet the right mate  Love is a primary conduit of informal social control

The Latent Trait View  The propensity or inclination to commit delinquency is stable, but the opportunity fluctuates over time  People age out of delinquency because, as they mature, they are simply fewer opportunities to commit such acts  Those who carry one of these traits are in danger of becoming career criminals  Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior. Suspect traits include low IQ, impulsivity, and personality structure. This underlying trait explains the continuity of offending because, once present, it remains with a person throughout his or her life

General Theory of Crime  Delinquency is rational and predictable  Delinquent offenders are predisposed to commit crimes  Delinquent acts, such as robberies or burglaries, are illegal events or deeds that people engage in when they perceive them to be advantageous

Testing the General Theory of Crime  One approach involves identifying indicators of impulsiveness and self-control  Impulsivity predicts the likelihood that a person will engage in criminal behavior  Another study has found that victims have lower self-control than non-victims

Questions?  And questions on these theories?  If not, we will move on to chapter 6. Chapter 6 Gender and Delinquency

Pop Quiz  I know this is going to be tough (especially with all the overachievers in this class), but DO NOT BLURT OUT (or type) your answers to these questions – wait for everyone to respond to the poll.  What is the fastest growing group in prison?

Chapter Goals  Be able to discuss the development of interest in female delinquency  Be familiar with the gender differences in development  Discuss the basis of gender differences  Know the trends in gender differences in the delinquency rate

Gender Differences in Development  It is possible that the gender-based traits that shape antisocial behavior choices may exist as early as infancy  Baby girls show greater control over their emotions  Boys are more easily angered and depend more on input from their mothers

Socialization Differences  Psychologist believe that differences in the way females and males are socialized affect their development  Males learn to value independence  Because so many relationships go sour, females also run the risk of feeling alienated because of the failure to achieve relational success

Cognitive Differences  There are cognitive differences between males and females starting in childhood  Gender group strengths found in the early school years become more established at adolescence and remain stable through adulthood  Males excel in tasks that asses the ability to manipulate visual images in working memory

Personality Differences  Girls are often stereotyped as talkative, but research shows that in many situations boys spend more time talking than girls do  Females are willing to reveal their feelings and concerns for others

What Causes Gender Differences?  Socialization, cognitive, personality  Females tend to blame themselves in relationships  Males are aggressive, independent, and practice external anger

Gender Differences and Delinquency  Regardless of their origin, gender distinctions may partly explain the significant gender differences in the delinquency rate  Males view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status  Males seem more aggressive and less likely to form attachments to others

Gender Patterns in Delinquency  Both the juvenile and adult crime rates for both males and females have been in decade-long decline  While males still commit more delinquency than females, there are indications that the gender gap in crime and delinquency arrests is narrowing

Trait Views  There is a long tradition of tracing gender differences in delinquency to traits that are uniquely male or female  The argument that biological and psychological differences between males and females can explain differences in crime rates is not a new one

Contemporary Psychological Views  Girls are socialized to be less aggressive than boys  Research indicates that antisocial adolescent girls do suffer a wide variety of psychiatric problems  Female delinquents score high on psychological tests

Socialization Views  Socialization views are based on the idea that a child’s social development may be the key to understanding delinquent behavior  If a child experiences impairment, family disruption, and so on, the child will be more susceptible to delinquent associations  Advanced sexuality at an early age makes girls vulnerable to older men who lead them down a path to decadence

Contemporary Socialization Views  Contemporary investigators continue to support the view that female delinquents have more dysfunctional home lives than males  Girls may be forced into a life of sexual promiscuity  Many girls find themselves pregnant at an early age

Socialization and Gangs  There is a significant body of literature linking home lives to gang participation and crime  Joan Moore’s analysis of gang girls in Los Angeles found that many came from troubled homes

Liberal Feminist Views  The feminist movement has, from its origins, fought to help women break away from their traditional roles  Liberal feminists have influenced thinking about delinquency  Female criminality is motivated by the same influences as male criminality

Gender and the Juvenile Justice System  Gender differences not only have an effect on crime patterns, but also may have a significant impact on the way children are treated by the criminal justice system  Several feminist scholars argue that girls are not only the victims of injustice at home, but also risk being victimized by agents of the justice system  Female delinquents were substantially more likely to have been detained for status offenses before final juvenile court disposition or afterward

Questions?  Any Questions on Chapter 6?