National Unification Italy and Germany

In , the liberal nationalist ideal had been defeated in their efforts to unify Italy and Germany. By the early 1850’s, the Austrians had re-imposed their control over Italian and German affairs, and the German confederation had been reestablished. Leadership now passed into the hands of professional politicians. They possessed what the revolutionary idealists of 1848 had lacked: power and the will to use power, practical political experience, and a clear vision of their goals. In Italy, Camillo Cavour, the Premier of Piedmont, established a united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, while in Germany, Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian minister- president, created a unified German Empire a decade later.

Divided Italy South-Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ruled by Bourbon King Center- the Pope governed the Papal States North-Austrian domination, except for Piedmont

Camillo Cavour As Premier of the Piedmont carried out a program of liberal reform Established banks, built railroads Under Cavour, Piedmont became a progressive state

Cavour’s Foreign Policy Austria presented roadblock to Italian unification Cavour sought French assistance Sent troops to Crimean war in to win support from France and England

Cavour met with Napoleon III 1858 NIII promised to send troops to aid the Piedmont against the Austrians in war Piedmont would get Lombardy and Venetia NIII would get Nice and Savoy Napoleon III

Austro-Sardinian War 1859 April 1859 Cavour provoked Austria into declaring war A combined French and Piedmontese army counterattacked Austrians defeated at Magenta and Solferino-pulled out of Lombardy

NIII backs out of deal with Cavour Shocked by the bloodiness of the battles and fearful of a hostile reaction by French Catholics if Piedmont moved to annex Papal States NIII made a separate peace with Austria Peace of Villa Franca gave Lombardy to Piedmont Austria was allowed to keep venetia

Cavour was furious at Napoleon III’s double dealing

Piedmont’s annexations in northern Italy By September 1859 revolutionary assemblies in Tuscany, Parma, Modena and a part of the Papal States offered to unite with the Piedmont

Nice and Savoy-done deal NIII agreed to allow Piedmont to annex the Northern territories. In exchange NIII received Nice and Savoy

Revolution in Southern Italy Revolution broke out in Sicily in response to the reactionary policies of the Bourbon King. Spread of revolution to the south was more than Cavour expected and more than NIII could support

Garibaldi’s Expedition Sailed form Genoa with 1,000 “red shirt”volunteers Officially Cavour opposed the expedition, Secretly he suuported it By April 1860 Garibaldi had taken Naples, capital of the Two Sicilies Bourbon King fled

The problem with Rome Cavour thought that the Red shirts might go for Rome. Could cause Austria and France to defend the Pope. Since 1848 French troops had been in Rome protecting the Pope against revolution In order to restrain Garibaldi, Cavour sent Piedmontese troops into the Papal states- avoiding Rome

Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy On March 17, 1861 the Italian Parliament proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel as King. Cavour died three months later.

Annexation of Venice and Rome April 1866 Italy made an alliance with Prussia Prussia defeated Austria in 7 weeks Austria ceded Venetia to the Italians

Addition of Rome With the Franco- Prussian war of 1870, French troops in Rome were removed to fight the Prussians. The Italians occupied and annexed Rome The annexations of Venetia and Rome completed the Risorgimento.

German Unification

Divided Germany Following 1848 german Confederaion made up of 39 States, Austria and Prussia Holding the presidency of the German confederation, the Austrians dominated Germany as they did Italy

Bismarcks Rise King William sought to strengthen the Prussian Army requiring new taxes Liberal parliament would not approve taxes without concessions from the King Bismarck addressed the parliament- “great issues of the day would not be settled by parliamentary debate and majority vote, but by blood and iron” Parliament still refused new taxes, Bismarck proceeded to collect the taxes any way

Schleiswig-Holstein Affair Danish King ruled the partly Danish and German duchies- although they were not a part of Denmark In 1863 the danish parliament annexed Schlewig. Infuriated German nationalists

Austro-Prussian alliance Bismarck proposed a Prussian alliance with Austria to take action against Denmark. Prussia and Austria went to war with Denmark in Denmark was quickly defeated and gave up Schleswig and Holstein. Bismarck set up joint occupation of the territories with Prussia getting Schleswig and Austria getting Holstein. Bismarck used arrangement to provoke arguments with Austrians

Bismarck’s Alliances isolating Austria Napoleon III remains neutral-he thought that Austria would win Alliance with Italy-promised Venetia to Italians if Prussians won

Seven Weeks War Austro-Prussian war 1866 Prussia accused the Austrians of violating German confederation agreements. Prussia proposed the abolition of the German Confederation The Prussians defeated the Austrains at the battle of Sadowa

Treaty of Prague Bismarck made a moderate peace with Austria. Prussia gained full possession of Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia also annexed the Northern German States of Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfurt.

North German Confederation Austria was now out of German affairs Kleindeutsh Prussia dominated the North German Confederation Four independent southern States, Bavaria,Wurtemburg, Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt

Southern Germany Traditionally quite liberal and Catholic Reluctant to be controlled by autocratic/militaristic/Lutheran Prussia Napoleon III opposed the further expansion of Prussia Bismarck believed he would have to fight a war with France to win the Southern states

The Hohenzollern candidacy An 1868 revolution in Spain set the wheels in motion for Franco-Prussian war Spanish revolution led to overthrow of Queen Isabella-spain needed new monarch A Hohenzollern (Prussian relative) was considered France strongly opposed this possibility

French demands on Prussia In the face of French protests, Kaiser William I withdrew Leopold’s name On July 13, 1870 French ambassador Count Bennedetti met with William I in Ems and asked the king that a hohenzollern candidacy would not be considered for Spain William I refiused this request and reported it to Bismarck

Ems Dispatch Bismarck edited the Kings report and released it to the papers. Bismarck made it apear that William I and Bennedetti insulted each other. Napoleon III declared war on July, Bismarck had made alliances with the southern German states in anticipation of war Now all of Germany went to war with France

Franco-German War German armies invaded France French were defeated at the battle of Sedan In Paris rebels declared the third French Republic-which sought to continue the war

Completion of German Unification January 18,1871 William I was declared the Emperor of the Germany. This occurred in the Hall of mirrors at the palace of Versailles

Treaty of Frankfurt May 10, 1871 French ceded the Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the Germans and had to pay the Germans the equivalent of $1 billion dollars. The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine enraged the French-pick tha back up in WWI.