Group Nanotechnology

 Nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular (groups of atoms) level  It is the collective term for a range of technologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest scale (from 1 to 100 nm 2 ) Nanotechnology With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled

In 1959 Richrad Feynman presented ideas for creating Nano scale machines Norio Taniguchi introduced the term ‘nanotechnology’ 1980s, development in this field was greatly enhanced with advances in electron microscopy

In the last two decades, researchers began developing the ability to manipulate matter at the level of single atoms and small groups of atoms and to characterize the properties of materials and systems at that scale. This capability has led to the astonishing discovery that clusters of small numbers of atoms or molecules—nanoscale clusters— often have properties that are significantly different from the properties of the same matter at either the single-molecule scale or the bulk scale.

Carbon nanotubes are much less chemically reactive than carbon atoms and combine the characteristics of the two naturally occurring bulk forms of carbon, strength (diamond) and electrical conductivity (graphite). Furthermore, carbon nanotubes conduct electricity in only one spatial dimension, that is, along one axis, rather than in three dimensions, as is the case for graphite. Nanoscale science and engineering also seek to discover, describe, and manipulate those unique properties of matter at the nanoscale in order to develop new capabilities of science, engineering, technology.

Aspects of nanotechnology Three distinct aspects Direct Application of novel, Nano engineered artifacts Ex : Electronic & photonic circuits Indirect Progressive miniaturization of existing technologies Ex : Nano bots, cosmetics Conceptual All materials & processes are considered from a molecular viewpoint Ex : Universal manufacturing model

Porous metallic ‘nanocubes’ store large amounts of H2 Nanoparticles of gold for new catalysts The scale of nanopowders  Nano powders - building blocks of nano materials (particles less than 100 nm in size)

Carbon nanotubes (sensors, fuel cells, computers and televisions) Nano membrane filtration systems (safe, clean, affordable water)

Molecular electronic ‘cross bar latches’ ( tiny Nano devices) Quantum dots and artificial atoms (small devices that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons)

o Medicines - Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells, which allow direct treatment of those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of disease. For example, nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells are under development. Though nanotechnology is a relatively new science, it already has numerous applications in everyday life, ranging from consumer goods to medicine to improving the environment o Electronics- Nano electronics holds some answers on expanding the capabilities of electronics devices can be expanded while reducing their weight and power consumption. These include improving display screens on electronics devices and increasing the density of memory chips. Nanotechnology can also reduce the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.

Consumer products- Nanotechnology has already found its way into numerous consumer products you use every day, from clothing to skin lotion. They include: 1.Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor- resistant. 2.Skin care products that use nanoparticles to deliver vitamins deeper into the skin 3.Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticle-based electrodes powering plug-in electric cars. Environment- Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater. Researchers have shown that iron nanoparticles can be effective in cleaning up organic solvents that are polluting groundwater. The iron nanoparticles disperse throughout the body of water and decompose the organic solvent in place. Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials. Researchers have demonstrated that the use of silver nano clusters as catalysys can significantly reduce the polluting byproducts generated in the process used to manufacture propylene oxide.

Nanotechnology applications Medicine Ex. Nano biotechnology Medicine Ex. Nano biotechnology Energy ex. Renewable energy Energy ex. Renewable energy Electronics and information technologies

Chemistry and Environment Consumer goods Military and security application s Military and security application s

Systems of Nanosystems Robotics 3D networks Guided assemblers Molecular Nanosystems Molecules by design Evolutionary systems Passive Nanostructures Coatings, polymers,ceramic s Active Nanostructures Transistors Targeted drugs Adaptive structures Agrifood applicatinos currently in passive to early “active” stage

Plant production Ex: Delivery of DNA to plants Animal Production Ex: Nano tube sensors to detect hormone level changes Animal or Plant Health Ex: Detect pathogens

Agrochemic a l Ex: Nanoparticles in pesticides In food industry Convergence Nano-Geo-(Bio)- Info technology Sensing Ex: Detect chemicals or food borne pathogen Safety Packaging Ex: Prevent or respond to spoilage

QUALIFICATIONS AND STREAMS Professional Qualifications - For pursuing a career in the filed of Nanotechnology, the aspirant must have a post graduate qualification in the subject. That is they must have an M.Tech or M.Sc. degree in Nanotechnology.  Personal Skills – Nanotechnology is not a managerial profession but a research field, engaged in finding out new structure and studying the properties of Nano particles. In order to study Nanotechnology, one should have a good background of physics and chemistry. Moreover, they should have an open, enquiring and scientific bent of mind with sound analytical skills and a natural propensity for research work. This is a field which requires a lot of hard work and what is most essential is a burning desire to work. Skills in mathematics and computer programming would be an asset.

Top Collages in Delhi  Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University : School of basic and applied sciences Jamia Millia Islamia

B EST C OLLAGES IN I NDIA Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering at Pune was established in August Over the last 24 years, the college has made all-round progress and is now acclaimed as one of the best engineering colleges in this part of the country Sathyabama University is a pioneer institute imparting knowledge in the areas of engineering, science, technology and education. The institution's progress and contribution in the field of technical education for over two decades made the Ministry of Human Resources Development Elevate Academy - Elevate established in 2011 founded by the Trust Green Valley with the aim to advance and disseminate the knowledge and maintain highest standard of learning through teaching, research, extension education program and conceptual aspects relevant to the need of the state.

 Harvard University  Stanford University  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  University of California at Berkeley  University of Cambridge  Princeton University  California Institute of Technology (Caltech)  Columbia University  University of Chicago  Oxford University  Yale University B EST COLLEGES / UNIVERSITIES IN THE WORLD

GOVERNMENT JOBS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR  Scientist C-B jobs at Nanotechnology Application Centre of Allahabad University  Nanotechnology Laboratory Assistant – Central University of Jharkhand  In addition to these organizations, the following organizations are engaged in research activities in the nanotechnology sector and candidates can find employment opportunities in these organizations as well:  Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh  National Chemistry Laboratory, Pune  National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi  Nano Mission, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi

PRIVATE JOBS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR Qualified nanotechnology employees in the private sector are required in :---  Established industries such as microelectronics, information storage, and optoelectronics that have traditionally used micro-technology and are expanding research into smaller technology, structures, and devices.  New industries created as a result of nanotechnology: nanotechnology materials and coatings, nanotechnology structures (crystal, wires, tubes, et al), MEMS (Micro Electromechanically Systems) or NEMS (Nano Electro Mechanical Systems), Nano-biotechnology, Nano-electronics, micro-fluidics, and others.  Major industries such as chemicals, pharma-biotech, aerospace, transportation, and energy, as well as other industries that now perceive the promise of nanotechnology.  Many research, Nano-fabrication, foundry, and user facilities funded by the National Nanotechnology Initiative.

From today to tomorrow….. USA - Highest investor & patent holder In 2004 US$ 4 billion worldwide By 2015 US$ 3.1 trillion 11 percent of jobs globally Leading countries Japan, Western Europe