Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue  Found everywhere - the most abundant and widely distributed tissue  Functions  Supports and binds body tissues together  Provides protection

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells Sound familiar?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells It might remind you of the basement membrane

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells Or not.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells  Cell Types

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have a poor blood supply (or are avascular)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material (protein) surrounds living cells  Cell Types—Fibroblasts make fibers, Mast cells control inflammation, Macrophages are immune cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance.  Fibers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance —water, proteins and polysaccharides  Fibers  Produced by the fibroblasts  Three types:

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance —water, proteins and polysaccharides  Fibers  Produced by the fibroblasts  Three types:  Collagen (white) fibers  Elastic (yellow) fibers  Reticular fibers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance —water, proteins and polysaccharides  Fibers  Produced by the fibroblasts  Three types:  Collagen (white) fibers  Elastic (yellow) fibers  Reticular fibers Tough Stretchy Network

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types (yeah, that’s a bunch)  Bone  Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage  Dense connective tissue  Loose connective tissue: Areolar, Reticular and Adipose  Blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Bone (osseous tissue)  Composed of  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Hard matrix of calcium salts  Collagen fibers  Protects and supports the body  Haversian systems allow blood supply to reach cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19a Haversian system (contains blood vessels and nerves)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three types of cartilage:  Hyaline cartilage--Most common type of cartilage  Has collagen fibers in a rubbery matrix  In larynx and entire fetal skeleton  Elastic cartilage  Provides elasticity  Supports the external ear, tip of nose  Fibrocartilage  Highly compressible  Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19b Very little water in the matrix

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Dense connective (or fibrous) tissue  Main matrix element is collagen fiber  Fibroblasts  Locations  Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone  Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints  Dermis—lower layers of the skin & scars

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19d Very little water in the matrix

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Loose Connective Tissue Types  Areolar tissue  Most widely distributed connective tissue  Soft, pliable tissue (like “cobwebs”)  Functions as a packing tissue  Contains all fiber types  Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19e

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Loose Connective Tissue Types  Adipose tissue  Areolar tissue with fat globules  Cells contain large lipid deposits  Functions:  Insulates the body  Protects some organs  Fuel storage

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19f

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Loose Connective Tissue Types  Reticular connective tissue  Delicate network of interwoven fibers  Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19g Do you see the network?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Blood (vascular tissue)  Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma  Fibers are visible during clotting  Functions in transport of materials

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19h What type of epithelium?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue --produces movement Type Control Appearance Location Cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue --produces movement Type Control Appearance Location Cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Voluntary or Involuntary? Striated (striped) or not striated?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue --produces movement Type Control Appearance Location Cells SkeletalVoluntarystriatedAttached to bone or skin Long, multinucleate Cardiac Smooth

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue --produces movement Type Control Appearance Location Cells SkeletalVoluntarystriatedAttached to bone or skin Long, multinucleate CardiacNot voluntary striatedHeart onlyBranched, separated by intercalated disks Smooth

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue --produces movement Type Control Appearance Location Cells SkeletalVoluntarystriatedAttached to bone or skin Long, multinucleate CardiacNot voluntary striatedHeart onlyBranched, separated by intercalated disks SmoothNot voluntary Not striated Walls of hollow internal organs Spindle shaped (pointed at the ends)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Composed of neurons and nerve support cells  Sends impulses to other areas of the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Composed of neurons and nerve support cells  Sends impulses to other areas of the body Irritability Conductivity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue Figure 3.21

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)  Regeneration .  Fibrosis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)  Which one occurs?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)  Which one occurs? It depends on…

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)  Which one occurs? It depends on…  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins  A clot walls off the injured area  Allows immune cells into area

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins  A clot walls off the injured area  Allows immune cells into area  Formation of granulation tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins  A clot walls off the injured area  Allows immune cells into area  Formation of granulation tissue  Growth of new capillaries  Rebuild collagen fibers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins  A clot walls off the injured area  Allows immune cells into area  Formation of granulation tissue  Growth of new capillaries  Rebuild collagen fibers  Regeneration of surface epithelium  Scab detaches

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration of Tissues  Tissues that regenerate easily .   Tissues that regenerate poorly   Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue 

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration of Tissues  Tissues that regenerate easily  Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)  Fibrous connective tissues and bone  Tissues that regenerate poorly  Skeletal muscle  Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue  Cardiac muscle  Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Development of Tissues from Germ Cell Layers EndodermMesodermEctoderm There are three layers of cells in very young embryos: All of your tissues are formed from these cell layers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Development of Tissues from Germ Cell Layers EndodermMesodermEctoderm Muscle tissueConnective tissue Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue