Organic Reactions

There are three kinds of organic reactions: There are three kinds of organic reactions:  ADDITION reactions  CONDENSATION reactions  HYDROLYSIS reactions

Addition Reactions Occur when compounds react when they are combined Occur when compounds react when they are combined Often occur when a double or triple bond breaks so that new single bonds form Often occur when a double or triple bond breaks so that new single bonds form

Addition Reactions Alkene + Hydrogen gas  Alkane Alkene + Hydrogen gas  Alkane Alkene + Bromine gas  Bromoalkane Alkene + Bromine gas  Bromoalkane Alkene + Water  Alcohol Alkene + Water  Alcohol

Addition Reactions

Workplace Examples ethylene + ethylene  polyethylene propylene + propylene  polypropylene

Condensation Reactions Two molecules combine to form a single molecule Two molecules combine to form a single molecule Water is produced as a second product of the reaction Water is produced as a second product of the reaction Example: Example: carboxylic acid + alcohol  ester + water

Condensation Reactions

Workplace Examples amino acid + carboxylic acid  nylon + water terephthalic acid + ethylene glycol  polyester + water

Hydrolysis Reactions Uses the addition of a molecule of water to break apart large molecules Uses the addition of a molecule of water to break apart large molecules Means “water breaking” Means “water breaking” This reaction is the reverse of the condensation reaction This reaction is the reverse of the condensation reaction Heat or sulfuric acid are usually used in the process Heat or sulfuric acid are usually used in the process

Hydrolysis Reaction ester + water  carboxylic acid + alcohol

Applications of Organic Reactions SAPONIFICATION: the hydrolysis of a special type of ester (fat or oil) that produces soap SAPONIFICATION: the hydrolysis of a special type of ester (fat or oil) that produces soap SOAP: a special kind of salt that can remove grease and dirt SOAP: a special kind of salt that can remove grease and dirt The reaction: The reaction: fat/oil + strong base  soap + glycerol

How Soap Works Soaps are AMPHIPHILLIC meaning they have two distinct regions: Soaps are AMPHIPHILLIC meaning they have two distinct regions:  A HYDROPHILLIC (water-loving) polar water soluble head  A HYDROPHOBIC (water-hating) non-polar oil soluble tail

How Soap Works 1. The oil covered dirt does not mix with water 2. The added soap molecules surround the dirt particles. The non-polar tail attaches to the oil and the polar end attaches to the water. 3. The soap molecules attached to the dirt particle break the dirt into smaller particles. Shaking causes the dirt to loosen from the fabric 4. The water solution contains the oily dirt and soap until it is removed from the washing cycle.

The Soap Molecule

How Soap Works

Soap Lather Suds made from soap and water Suds made from soap and water Results from air and water mixing with soap Results from air and water mixing with soap SOFT WATER: water contains no to few dissolved minerals or ions SOFT WATER: water contains no to few dissolved minerals or ions HARD WATER: contains calcium, magnesium and iron minerals HARD WATER: contains calcium, magnesium and iron minerals The harder the water, the less soap will lather. The harder the water, the less soap will lather.

Scale A deposit of calcium carbonate A deposit of calcium carbonate Can be removed by vinegar and water Can be removed by vinegar and water Scale caused by sulfate or chloride salts need to be removed by a water softener Scale caused by sulfate or chloride salts need to be removed by a water softener