PLANT KINGDOM

 What Is a Plant?  Plants are multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose.  Plants develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigment, chlorophyll COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

KINGDOM PLANTAE  The Producers  Plants are the chief producers in all ecosystems.  Virtually all food webs rely on plants ability to convert energy (sunlight) into matter (carbohydrates)

WHAT PLANTS NEED TO SURVIVE  In order to survive, plants need:  sunlight  water and minerals  gas exchange  transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

EARLY PLANTS  The oldest known plant fossils, about 450 million years old, are similar to today’s mosses.  They had a simple structure and grew close to the ground. COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

 Overview of the Plant Kingdom  Plants are divided into four groups based on these features:  water-conducting tissues  seeds  flowers  Plants are also classified by other features, including reproductive structures and body plan. COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

FIRST PHYLUM - BRYOPHYTES  Mosses and their relatives are called bryophytes, or nonvascular plants.  They do not have vascular tissues, or specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients. COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

 Bryophytes lack true leaves and stems. They also don’t grow flowers or produce seeds.  Bryophytes not grow tall because they don’t have vascular tissues.  The three groups of bryophytes are:  mosses  liverworts  hornworts COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

TRACHEOPHYTES  More complex than brycophtes.  Plants that have a vascular system  Tracheophytes can be divided into groups based on their mode of reproduction.  3 classes  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms

FERNS AND THEIR RELATIVES  Seedless vascular plants include:  club mosses  horsetails  ferns COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

 Seed plants are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land.  Seed plants are divided into two groups:  Gymnosperms bear seeds  directly on the surfaces of cones.  Often referred to as conifers, most know then as evergreens or pines.  Have specialized leaves which resemble needles.  Angiosperms, or flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. COPYRIGHT PEARSON PRENTICE HALL

ANGIOSPERMS  Angiosperm means “hidden seeds”.  Seeds produced by angiosperms are covered by a fruiting body.  Angiosperms also produce flowers.  All flowering and fruiting plants are angiosperms.  Most angiosperm trees lose their leaves seasonally.  Two types of angiosperms, monocots and dicots.

VASCULAR TISSUE  Vascular tissue acts as a transport system in some plants.  The two types are called Xylem and Phloem.  Xylem transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.  Phleom transports nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Minerals H2OH2O H2OH2O CO 2 O2O2 Sugar Light CO 2 O2O2